2007 Korean National Growth Charts were published by The Korean Pediatric Society and Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in October, 2007. These Growth Charts are composed of Growth Curves and Tables, which are based on the principles such as pooling data of the different generations and application of LMS method. In this review, several tips of application using these new charts are summarized with points of view both in clinical and research fields.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Family Characteristics ; Growth Charts ; Korea

objective: A suggestion of the projected workforce of Certified Infection Control Nurse in Korea Methods : I) Demand model was used for the projected workforce of Certified Infection Control Nurse . 2) Time series regression equation was used for the suggestion of the number of general hospitals and hospitals 3) Expert in infection control were contacted to get an opinion and information about the criteria of distribution and scope of Certified Infection Control Nurse. 4) National and international internet data were collected. 5) The demand of Certified Infection Control Nurse were analyzed by legislative criteria and recommended criteria of advanced nation (1) Maximal demand of Certified Infection Control Nurse: full responsibility and intra hospital concurrent responsibility (2) Minimal demand of Certified Infection Control Nurse: full responsibility and inter hospital concurrent responsibility (3) Demand of SENIC project of CDC in U.S.A: 1 Certified Infection Control Nurse every 250 beds. Results: In maximal demand. there will be 559 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2002, and 746 in 2010. In minimal demand, there will be 272 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2002, and 316 in 2010. On the basis of criteria of SENIC project. there will be 588-915 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2002, 628-972 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2010. Conclusion: In case of concurrent responsibility, intra hospital concurrent responsibility is more desirable than inter hospital concurrent responsibility, and infection control work must be major job in their work.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Hospitals, General ; Infection Control* ; Internet ; Korea*

objective: A suggestion of the projected workforce of Certified Infection Control Nurse in Korea Methods : I) Demand model was used for the projected workforce of Certified Infection Control Nurse . 2) Time series regression equation was used for the suggestion of the number of general hospitals and hospitals 3) Expert in infection control were contacted to get an opinion and information about the criteria of distribution and scope of Certified Infection Control Nurse. 4) National and international internet data were collected. 5) The demand of Certified Infection Control Nurse were analyzed by legislative criteria and recommended criteria of advanced nation (1) Maximal demand of Certified Infection Control Nurse: full responsibility and intra hospital concurrent responsibility (2) Minimal demand of Certified Infection Control Nurse: full responsibility and inter hospital concurrent responsibility (3) Demand of SENIC project of CDC in U.S.A: 1 Certified Infection Control Nurse every 250 beds. Results: In maximal demand. there will be 559 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2002, and 746 in 2010. In minimal demand, there will be 272 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2002, and 316 in 2010. On the basis of criteria of SENIC project. there will be 588-915 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2002, 628-972 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2010. Conclusion: In case of concurrent responsibility, intra hospital concurrent responsibility is more desirable than inter hospital concurrent responsibility, and infection control work must be major job in their work.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Hospitals, General ; Infection Control* ; Internet ; Korea*

When curing the composite restorations with light curing units, the light guides are often in direct contact with oral tissues, therefore contamination of light guides is inevitable. Curing light guides fall into the "semicritical" instrument category according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and must be heat or vapor-sterilized or at a minimum, these semicritical instruments must be sterilized in a liquid chemical agent. Currently, most common methods of maintaining sterility of the light guides are wiping the guide with a disinfectant, such as glutaraldehyde, after each patient use; using autoclavable guides; using presterilized, single-use plastic guides; and using translucent disposable barriers to cover the guide.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Glutaral ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Infection Control ; Infertility ; Light ; Plastics

Healthcare-associated infections are a major concern in relation to patient safety. Of the numerous interventions for infection control, hand hygiene is the main factor that reduces the transmission of nosocomial pathogens. In this review, we cover the history of hand hygiene, evidence supporting its efficacy, and its importance. Then, we briefly introduce the 2017 hand hygiene guidelines of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Hand Hygiene ; Hand ; Infection Control ; Korea ; Patient Safety

In China, the incidence rate of Hepatitis A has decreased from 56/100 000 in 1991 to 1.05/100 000 in 2020. The number of Hepatitis A outbreaks in China has decreased significantly, however, it has also happened in the last 5 years, and the risk still remains. In order to strengthen the technical guidance for the investigation and control of Hepatitis A outbreak, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) organized experts in related fields to compile this guideline. The main contents included outbreak definition, outbreak detecting and reporting, outbreak investigation and response, making conclusion and communication. This guideline is intended for use by staff at public health administrative departments, medical and health institutions, centers for disease control and prevention, health supervision agencies at different levels, and other relevant institutions, units and individuals. China CDC will update this guideline periodically based on the progress in this field and feedbacks during the implementation of this guideline.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; China/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control* ; Hepatitis A/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Public Health ; United States

PURPOSE: This study was done to explore the rates and methods of contraception among Korean adolescents from 2007 to 2009. METHODS: The study was a descriptive study. The data were taken from a web-based survey on risk behavior of Korean youth that was conducted between 2007 and 2009 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: Among adolescents, 4.7% in 2007, 4.6% in 2008, and 4.7% in 2009 reported having had sexual intercourse. In those who had sexual experiences, less than 30% reported consistent use of contraception, whereas more than 45% report no contraceptive use at all. A condom was the most frequently used contraceptive method and its use has increased continuously among contraceptive users. Some of the adolescents were, nevertheless, using unreliable methods such as withdrawal or the rhythm method. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that most adolescents are not using contraception consistently and some were relying on unreliable contraceptive methods. Efforts to raise awareness about consistent and correct contraceptive use and the importance of dual protection are essential.
Adolescent ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Coitus ; Condoms ; Contraception ; Humans ; Korea ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior

BACKGROUND: The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level is widely used to diagnose and monitor glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus, and various methods are used for its determination. The D-100 hemoglobin testing system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) is a fully automated, high-throughput glycohaemoglobin analyzer based on an ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Here, we evaluated the analytical performance of a newly developed HbA1c analyzer. METHODS: Precision, linearity, and comparison to the Variant II Turbo analyzer (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) were evaluated according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Carryover, bias from the value assigned by the HbA1c Network Laboratory of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the vulnerability to interference by hemoglobin variants frequently found in Korea were also assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using Excel 2010 (Microsoft Co., USA) and MedCalc ver. 14.12.0 (MedCalc Software bvba, Belgium). RESULTS: The coefficients of variation for repeatability and within-device precision were less than 1.08% in National Glycohaemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) unit and less than 1.68% in international system of unit at all three levels. The calibration curve was linear, with R²=0.996 in the range of 4.6% to 15.4% in NGSP unit. The results highly correlated with those produced by Variant II Turbo (r=0.998). The 95% confidence interval for differences from the assigned values was -3.3% to 2.9%. No significant interferences of haemoglobin variants were observed except for Hemoglobin Yamagata. CONCLUSIONS: The D-100 hemoglobin testing system showed excellent precision, linearity, and good correlation with the Variant II Turbo analyzer and agreement with the assigned values. Therefore, its analytical performance is satisfactory for diabetes diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Calibration ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Korea ; Methods

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate association between computerized neurobehavioral performance and blood lead concentration in Korean elementary school students. METHODS: The subjects were 1,077 elementary school students of Seoul, Busan, Daegu and Gwangju. Blood lead concentration was measured and computerized neurobehavioral performance tests were performed. RESULTS: Blood lead concentration of the subjects was in the range of 0.20 and 7.39 microg/dl. The geometric mean of the subjects' blood lead concentration was 1.41 microg/dl. As blood lead concentration increased, reaction time to the symbol digit tended to increase significantly and linearly. As a result of LOWESS(locally weighted scatterplot smoothing), increasing reaction time to the symbol digit was observed. CONCLUSIONS: As blood lead concentration under the CDC (center for disease control and prevention) reference value increased, reaction time to the symbol digit tended to increase. But, as the number of subjects over 3 microg/dl is small, it is difficult to make a definite conclusion. If confounding variables are controlled properly in a follow-up study, we can obtain a more definite conclusion.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Humans ; Reaction Time ; Reference Values

BACKGROUND: To detect anti-HLA class I alloantibodies in potential solid organ recipients, panel reactive antibody (PRA) test using complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity (CDC) has been widely utilized. Recently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry based methods (Flow PRA) were developed. We have compared these three methods for the detection of anti-HLA class I alloantibodies. METHODS: A total of 30 sera of various PRA reactivity determined using home-made CDC PRA panel were compared with ELISA PRA by QuikScreen Solid Phase HLA Antibody Screening Kit (GTI, Brookfield, USA). Among these samples, 19 sera were also compared with Flow PRA by FlowPRA I Screening Test (One Lambda, Inc., Canoga Park, USA). Qualitative as well as semiquantitative results using CDC %PRA, ELISA OD ratio (ratio of the test OD value divided by the x2 the value obtained for the mean of the negative controls) and Flow %PRA were compared. RESULTS: Sixteen out of 19 sera (84%) showed concordant results among all three methods, and 11 sera tested by both CDC PRA and ELISA PRA but not by Flow PRA showed perfect concordance. CDC %PRA, ELISA OD ratio, and Flow %PRA showed excellent correlation between each other (Pearson's correlation coefficient >0.67, P<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Results obtained in this study indicate that ELISA PRA and Flow PRA tests might be good alternatives of conventional CDC PRA for the screening of anti-HLA class I alloantibodies in potential solid organ recipients.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay* ; Flow Cytometry ; Isoantibodies* ; Mass Screening