2007 Korean National Growth Charts were published by The Korean Pediatric Society and Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in October, 2007. These Growth Charts are composed of Growth Curves and Tables, which are based on the principles such as pooling data of the different generations and application of LMS method. In this review, several tips of application using these new charts are summarized with points of view both in clinical and research fields.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Family Characteristics ; Growth Charts ; Korea

objective: A suggestion of the projected workforce of Certified Infection Control Nurse in Korea Methods : I) Demand model was used for the projected workforce of Certified Infection Control Nurse . 2) Time series regression equation was used for the suggestion of the number of general hospitals and hospitals 3) Expert in infection control were contacted to get an opinion and information about the criteria of distribution and scope of Certified Infection Control Nurse. 4) National and international internet data were collected. 5) The demand of Certified Infection Control Nurse were analyzed by legislative criteria and recommended criteria of advanced nation (1) Maximal demand of Certified Infection Control Nurse: full responsibility and intra hospital concurrent responsibility (2) Minimal demand of Certified Infection Control Nurse: full responsibility and inter hospital concurrent responsibility (3) Demand of SENIC project of CDC in U.S.A: 1 Certified Infection Control Nurse every 250 beds. Results: In maximal demand. there will be 559 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2002, and 746 in 2010. In minimal demand, there will be 272 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2002, and 316 in 2010. On the basis of criteria of SENIC project. there will be 588-915 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2002, 628-972 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2010. Conclusion: In case of concurrent responsibility, intra hospital concurrent responsibility is more desirable than inter hospital concurrent responsibility, and infection control work must be major job in their work.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Hospitals, General ; Infection Control* ; Internet ; Korea*

objective: A suggestion of the projected workforce of Certified Infection Control Nurse in Korea Methods : I) Demand model was used for the projected workforce of Certified Infection Control Nurse . 2) Time series regression equation was used for the suggestion of the number of general hospitals and hospitals 3) Expert in infection control were contacted to get an opinion and information about the criteria of distribution and scope of Certified Infection Control Nurse. 4) National and international internet data were collected. 5) The demand of Certified Infection Control Nurse were analyzed by legislative criteria and recommended criteria of advanced nation (1) Maximal demand of Certified Infection Control Nurse: full responsibility and intra hospital concurrent responsibility (2) Minimal demand of Certified Infection Control Nurse: full responsibility and inter hospital concurrent responsibility (3) Demand of SENIC project of CDC in U.S.A: 1 Certified Infection Control Nurse every 250 beds. Results: In maximal demand. there will be 559 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2002, and 746 in 2010. In minimal demand, there will be 272 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2002, and 316 in 2010. On the basis of criteria of SENIC project. there will be 588-915 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2002, 628-972 Certified Infection Control Nurse needed in 2010. Conclusion: In case of concurrent responsibility, intra hospital concurrent responsibility is more desirable than inter hospital concurrent responsibility, and infection control work must be major job in their work.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Hospitals, General ; Infection Control* ; Internet ; Korea*

When curing the composite restorations with light curing units, the light guides are often in direct contact with oral tissues, therefore contamination of light guides is inevitable. Curing light guides fall into the "semicritical" instrument category according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and must be heat or vapor-sterilized or at a minimum, these semicritical instruments must be sterilized in a liquid chemical agent. Currently, most common methods of maintaining sterility of the light guides are wiping the guide with a disinfectant, such as glutaraldehyde, after each patient use; using autoclavable guides; using presterilized, single-use plastic guides; and using translucent disposable barriers to cover the guide.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Glutaral ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Infection Control ; Infertility ; Light ; Plastics

Healthcare-associated infections are a major concern in relation to patient safety. Of the numerous interventions for infection control, hand hygiene is the main factor that reduces the transmission of nosocomial pathogens. In this review, we cover the history of hand hygiene, evidence supporting its efficacy, and its importance. Then, we briefly introduce the 2017 hand hygiene guidelines of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Hand Hygiene ; Hand ; Infection Control ; Korea ; Patient Safety

In China, the incidence rate of Hepatitis A has decreased from 56/100 000 in 1991 to 1.05/100 000 in 2020. The number of Hepatitis A outbreaks in China has decreased significantly, however, it has also happened in the last 5 years, and the risk still remains. In order to strengthen the technical guidance for the investigation and control of Hepatitis A outbreak, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) organized experts in related fields to compile this guideline. The main contents included outbreak definition, outbreak detecting and reporting, outbreak investigation and response, making conclusion and communication. This guideline is intended for use by staff at public health administrative departments, medical and health institutions, centers for disease control and prevention, health supervision agencies at different levels, and other relevant institutions, units and individuals. China CDC will update this guideline periodically based on the progress in this field and feedbacks during the implementation of this guideline.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; China/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control* ; Hepatitis A/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Public Health ; United States

Purpose: There has been no nationwide surveillance survey of poisoning cases in Korea. This study examined the clinical characteristics of poisoning admissions in order to obtain preliminary data for future planning. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed the data on poisoning admissions of 150 hospitals based on the hospital discharge injury surveillance data of Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Korea from January to December in 2004. The demographic data, poisons used, causes of poisoning, reasons for attempted suicide and mortality rate was investigated according to the age group. The factors associated with mortality were also evaluated. Results: A total 836 patients admitted for poisoning were analyzed. Their mean age was 46.5+/-19.5 years (male 415, female 421). The most frequent age group was the 4th and 5th decades. The most common poisons involved were pesticides (45%) and medications (23%). The majority (64%) involved intentional poisoning except for those in the 1st decade. The most common reason for the attempted suicide was family problems. However, individual disease was the most common reason in those over 60 years. The overall mortality rate was 8.7% (73/836). Pesticides and being elderly (over 65 years old) were strongly correlated with fatality. Conclusion: The incidence of intentional poisoning increases from the 2nd decade making it a preventable injury. "Overall, the incidence of intentional poisoning increases from the 2nd decade". Therefore, there is a need to frame a prevention policy corresponding to each factor related to fatality, such as an elderly population and pesticides.
Aged ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Pesticides ; Poisons ; Retrospective Studies ; Suicide, Attempted

BACKGROUND: The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level is widely used to diagnose and monitor glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus, and various methods are used for its determination. The D-100 hemoglobin testing system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) is a fully automated, high-throughput glycohaemoglobin analyzer based on an ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Here, we evaluated the analytical performance of a newly developed HbA1c analyzer. METHODS: Precision, linearity, and comparison to the Variant II Turbo analyzer (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) were evaluated according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Carryover, bias from the value assigned by the HbA1c Network Laboratory of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the vulnerability to interference by hemoglobin variants frequently found in Korea were also assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using Excel 2010 (Microsoft Co., USA) and MedCalc ver. 14.12.0 (MedCalc Software bvba, Belgium). RESULTS: The coefficients of variation for repeatability and within-device precision were less than 1.08% in National Glycohaemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) unit and less than 1.68% in international system of unit at all three levels. The calibration curve was linear, with R²=0.996 in the range of 4.6% to 15.4% in NGSP unit. The results highly correlated with those produced by Variant II Turbo (r=0.998). The 95% confidence interval for differences from the assigned values was -3.3% to 2.9%. No significant interferences of haemoglobin variants were observed except for Hemoglobin Yamagata. CONCLUSIONS: The D-100 hemoglobin testing system showed excellent precision, linearity, and good correlation with the Variant II Turbo analyzer and agreement with the assigned values. Therefore, its analytical performance is satisfactory for diabetes diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Calibration ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Korea ; Methods

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized study of antibiotic prophylaxis in elective spine surgery. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the rate of postoperative surgical site infection for a single dose of two different generations of cephalosporin with different dosage and timing of the antibiotics. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Current recommendation for prophylaxis in elective spine surgery is up to 60 minutes prior to incision. No study has investigated between different generation of cephalosporin for prophylaxis in elective spine surgery with respect to choice, dosage and timing. METHODS: This study was a prospective randomized study of 90 patients, assessed for the occurrence of surgical site infection (defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria) and other infections for up to 6 months after surgery. Demographic, surgical and further data were collected on subsequent operations, including hardware removal. RESULTS: Mean age in our group was 47 years (range, 19-71 years). The male to female ratio was 49:41 and the average timing of administration of antibiotics was 77 minutes (range, 30-120 minutes). The average blood loss was 626 mL (range, 150-3,000 mL) with a mean duration of surgery for 3.2 hours (range, 1.5-6 hours). One case of superficial infection and one case of deep infection met the exclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the use of a single preoperative dose of antibiotics in instrumented and non-instrumented elective spine surgery up to one hour prior to incision. There was no difference in terms of occurrence of surgical site infection with respect to dosage, choice and timing of antibiotics.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Spine

OBJECTIVES: In an epidemiologic study on the health impact of Agent Orange exposure, the valid estimation of exposure level is the most important step. Based on recent studies, we examined the correlation between exposure levels categorized by personal exposure estimates and serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD, Dioxin), exploring the possibility of utilizing the exposure level as a surrogate for the estimate of exposure to agent orange. METHODS: During the study period (Jan 1996-Feb 1996), blood specimens of 745 subjects taken randomly among 1,329 persons and kept frozen, were analyzed for 2,3,7,8-TCDD and six other dioxin congeners. The serum dioxin and congeners were measured in 1998 by CDC ,adjusted for serum lipids. We categorized the total exposure scores into five groups based on Agent Orange exposure data collected by interview and military records. Pearson and Spearman's correlation coefficients & multiple regression analysis were used to identify the relationship of the exposure level categorized with serum concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and six other dioxin congeners. RESULTS: Dioxin and the other congeners, except 1,2,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, showed significant correlations to exposure categories (p<0.005); 2,3,7,8-TCDD and OCDD showed positive correlations, whereas the other congeners did negative. The values of 2,3,7,8-TCDD differed according to exposure category and proportionally increased from the low exposure group to the high, a dose-response relationship, even after other possible confounding variables were adjusted for. In multiple regression analysis, age(beta=0.033), dioxin(beta=0.433), 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD(beta=0.998), 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD(beta=0.773), 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD(beta=0.255), 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD(beta=3.468), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD(beta=0.109) were found to be significantly related to the total exposure score(p<0.005). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the use of such categorizations as a surrogate measure of agent orange exposure in identifying exposure degrees in a health impact study is valid.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Citrus sinensis* ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Humans ; Military Personnel ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin ; Veterans* ; Vietnam*