In the present study, a perfluorochemical emulsion (Fluosol-DA 20%) did not alter Do and and Dq values on cell survival curve, indicating that the lack of a direct effect of Fluosol-DA 20% on cellular radiosensitivity in vitro. The effect of Fluosol-DA 20% injection in combination with carbogen breathing was determined on the hupoxic cell fraction in SCK tumors. The hypoxic cell fraction in control SCK tumors was 0.39. This value decreased to 0.05 when the mice were i.v. injected with 12 ml/kg of Fluosol-DA 20% in a carbogen atomosphere. The measured mean and median PO2 values with a microelectorde in the control tumors was 9 mmHg and 4 mmHg, respectively. The treatment of the SCK tumors in the host mice with injected Fluosol-DA 20% in combination with carbogen breathing increased the mean and median PO2 values to 67 mmHg and 62 mmHg, respectively. Using carbogen breathing alone caused a moderate increase of tumor PO2. But Fluosol-DA 20% injection alone caused little change PO2 in the tumor. It was concluded that the combination of Fluosol-DA injection and carbogen breathing is an effective means to improve oxygenation of tumors.
Animals ; Cell Survival ; Mice ; Oxygen* ; Radiation Tolerance ; Respiration

Ferroptosis is a novel form of regulated cell death which is dependent on iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and associated with the accumulation of lipid peroxides. It is obviously different from other cell death types in terms of morphology, biochemistry, genetics, etc. Also, it is related to the production of iron catalyzed lipid peroxides which is triggered by non-enzymatic or enzymatic reactions. Ferroptosis has been proved to be involved in hematological diseases, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, liver and kidney diseases. This paper will review the definition, mechanism, inducers of ferroptosis, as well as the function of ferroptosis in respiratory system. We expect to present a new concept for respiratory research and suggest potential targets for clinical prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases.
Cell Death ; Ferroptosis ; Humans ; Iron ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Respiration Disorders

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of 3 leading causes of deaths in the Surgery Department of Port Moresby General Hospital in the last 30 years despite being responsible for only 5% of admissions. It maims and kills the young. Most of these injuries and deaths can be prevented by addressing public health issues such as modifying people's lifestyles to avoid drink driving, wearing seat belts in vehicles and peaceful conflict resolution. Severe disabilities can be minimized by prompt and adequate management that prevents secondary brain injury. This is achieved by aggressive maintenance of normal cerebral oxygenation and blood pressure (BP) and optimization of intracranial pressure (ICP). These outcomes are achieved by ensuring that the airways are patent, with respiration assisted where necessary, and by the use of fluids or inotropes to maintain a normal BP. Prompt appreciation of mass lesions and their removal will optimize ICP, improve cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and oxygenation. Management of severe TBI involves appropriate use of ventilation and pharmacological agents to ensure ICP and CPP are optimized either in situations where surgery is not indicated or after decompressive surgery. The high morbidity and mortality posed by TBI can be reduced by addressing these issues in Papua New Guinea.
seconds ; Cell Respiration ; Surgical aspects ; Papua New Guinea ; Physical trauma

PURPOSE: Our study was undertaken to discover whether a selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole, influences brain cell membrane function and energy metabolism during and after transient global hypoxia-ischemia(HI) in newborn piglets. METHODS: Cerebral HI was induced by temporary complete occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries and simultaneous breathing with 8% oxygen for 30 minutes, followed by release of carotid occlusion and normoxic ventilation for one hour(reoxygenation-reperfusion, RR). 7-Nitroindazole(50 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally just before the induction of HI or RR. Brain cortex was harvested for the biochemical analysis at the end of HI or RR. RESULTS: The level of conjugated dienes significantly increased and the activity of Na+, K+-ATPase significantly decreased during HI, and they did not recover during RR. The levels of ATP and phosphocreatine(PCr) significantly decreased during HI, and recovered during RR. 7-Nitroindazole did not influence significantly the level of conjugated dienes, the activity of Na+, K+-ATPase, and the levels of ATP and PCr during HI and RR. CONCLUSION: 7-nitroindazole did not demonstrate a neuroprotective effect in our piglet model of transient global cerebral HI and one hour of RR.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Animals ; Brain* ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Cell Membrane* ; Energy Metabolism* ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain* ; Infant, Newborn* ; Metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I ; Oxygen ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reperfusion Injury ; Respiration ; Ventilation

Congenital epulis is a rare benign tumor occurring on the anterior maxillary gingiva, also known as granular cell tumor of the newborn or Neumann's tumor, which is seen only in the newborn and is different from other granular cell tumors. Congenital epulis occurs exclusively in female newborns eight to ten fold higher than in males. It can protrude out of the newborn's mouth to prevent normal closure of mouth and interfere with respiration or feeding. The treatment of choice for large symptomatic epulis is simple surgical resection. Wide surgical excision is not required, because no recurrences have been reported. This report describes a case of congenital epulis occurring on the mandibular gingiva, and typical immunohistochemical stain findings.
Female ; Gingiva ; Gingival Diseases ; Gingival Neoplasms ; Granular Cell Tumor ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mouth ; Recurrence ; Respiration

Todays, remnant split-thickness skin graft is stored for graft failure or for delayed grafting. Refrigerated skin is usually stored for 3 weeks, after which, cellular respiration ceaces. Even though the refrigerated skin can be used before 3 weeks after harvest, the success rate of the skin graft is usually lower than in case of fresh skin. One of the most reliable explanations is multiplication of microorganisms on the stored skin, that is, the more microorganisms on the refrigerated skin, the less the success rate of grafts. For this reasons, some kind of antibiotics have been used for storage of the split-thickness skin piece. But there is no report about the effect of antibiotics on stored skin. We want to know the effect of the antibiotics on stored skin. For this purpose, we did three experiments for qualititative bacteriology of refrigerated skin. Experiment 1 was qualititative identification of microorganisms colonizing split-thickness skin after 2 weeks storage in low temperature, and sensitivity tests for identified microorganisms. On the basis of experiment 1, the proper antibiotics were selected and samples of split-thickness skin were stored using this antibiotics. At 2 weeks after storage in low temperature, samples of split-thickness skin were cultured for identification of bacterial growth. This is experiment 2. Experiment 3 is histologic examination of the split-thickness skin involved in experiment 1 and 2.In the experiment 1, we found five kinds of microorganisms in 9 out of 30 split-thickness skin samples. The most common microorganism was coagulase negative Staphylococcus which was found in 4 samples. Through the antibiotics sensitivity test, teicoplanin was selected as the most proper antibiotics. In experiment 2, we could not find any microorganisms in 30 split-thickness skin samples. In experiment 3, there were no histologic differences in the split-thickness skin samples whether antibiotics were used or not. Through these results, we have confirms that split-thickness skin pieces are more safely stored using proper antibiotics.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Bacteriology ; Cell Respiration ; Coagulase ; Colon ; Skin* ; Staphylococcus ; Teicoplanin ; Transplants

PURPOSE: The effect of surfactant treatment on inflammatory cell populations has not been determined. I evaluated the effect of surfactant treatment on a number and distribution of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) from the preterm infants who were dependent on mechanical ventilation over the 1st week of life. METHODS: This study included 8 preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) who received surfactant(Exosurf, 67.5mg/kg Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine(DPPC) with a volume of 5 ml/kg, single dose)on their first day of life and 7 preterm infants of similar severity who did not. BALFs were collected on days 2, 3, 5, and 7 after birth. Cell counts were performed from the obtained BALFs, then they were applied to cytospin and Wright stain, and the differentials were calculated on 200 cells. RESULTS: Surfactant treatment had no significant effect on the number of BALF white cells on days 2-7. Polymorphonuclear cell numbers were not different in both groups on days 2 7. Macrophage cell numbers were higher overall in surfactant treated babies compared to those in untreated babies on days 2-7(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Surfactant treatment appeared to accelerate the appearance of macrophages in BALF.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; Cell Count ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Macrophages ; Parturition ; Respiration, Artificial

We describe here the first known case in Korea of pulmonary involvement with peripheral T cell lymphoma and the patient presented with severe hypoxic respiratory failure. A 57-yr-old man was admitted to our hospital with rapid progression of dyspnea and bilateral diffuse infiltration on a chest radiograph. He received mechanical ventilation and low dose corticosteroid treatment under the suspicion of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. Transbronchial lung biopsy revealed large atypical lymphoid cells with positivity for CD3+. We diagnosed this patient as having a peripheral T cell lymphoma and we treated him with high dose corticosteroid. His clinical and radiologic findings rapidly improved and then he received a full dose of chemotherapy for the peripheral T cell lymphoma.
Biopsy ; Dyspnea ; Humans ; Korea ; Lung ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Thorax

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to elucidate the effects of nitric oxide synthase(NOS) inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine(L-NMMA) and nitric oxide precursor, L-arginine(L-Arg) on cerebral hemodynamics and energy metabolism during reoxygenation-reperfusion(RR) after hypoxia-ischemia(HI) in newborn piglets. METHODS: Twenty-eight newborn piglets were divided into 4 groups; Sham normal control(NC), experimental control(EC), L-NMMA(HI & RR with L-NMMA), and L-Arg(HI & RR with L-Arg) groups. HI was induced by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries and simultaneously breathing with 8 percent oxygen for 30 mins, and followed RR by release of carotid occlusion and normoxic ventilation for one hour. All groups were monitored with cerebral hemodynamics and cytochrome aa3 (Cyt aa3) using near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS). Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity, lipid peroxidation products, and tissue high energy phosphate levels were determined biochemically in the cerebral cortex. RESULTS: In experimental groups, mean arterial blood pressure, PaO2, and pH decreased, and base excess and blood lactate level increased after HI compared to NC group(P<0.05). These variables subsequently returned to baseline after RR except pH. There were no differences among the experimental groups. In NIRS, oxidized hemoglobin(HbO2) decreased and hemoglobin(Hb) increased during HI(P<0.05) but returned to base line immediately after RR; 40 min after RR, the HbO2 had decreased significantly compared to NC group(P<0.05). Changes of Cyt aa3 decreased significantly compared to NC after HI and recovered at the end of the experiment. Significantly reduced cerebral cortical cell membrane Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity and increased lipid peroxidation products(P<0.05) were not improved with L-NMMA or L-Arg. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that NO is not involved in the mechanism of HI and RR brain damage during the early acute phase of RR.
Anoxia ; Arginine* ; Arterial Pressure ; Brain ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Cell Membrane ; Cerebral Cortex ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; Energy Metabolism* ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain* ; Infant, Newborn* ; Ischemia ; Lactic Acid ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Nitric Oxide ; omega-N-Methylarginine* ; Oxygen ; Perfusion ; Respiration ; Ventilation

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of magnesium sulfate on brain mitochondrial respiratory function in rats after experimental traumatic brain injury and the possible mechanism.

METHODSThe middle degree brain injury in rats was made by BIM-III multi-function impacting machine. The brain mitochondrial respiratory function was measured with oxygen electrode and the ultra-structural changes were observed with transmission electron microscope (TEM).

RESULTS1. The brain mitochondrial respiratory stage III and respiration control rate reduced significantly in the untreated groups within 24 and 72 hours. But treated Group A showed certain degree of recovery of respiratory function; treated Group B showed further improvement. 2. Untreated Group, treated Groups A and B had different degrees of mitochondrial ultra-structural damage respectively, which could be attenuated after the treatment with magnesium sulfate.

CONCLUSIONSThe mitochondrial respiratory function decreases significantly after traumatic brain injury. But it can be apparently improved after magnesium sulfate management along with the attenuated damage of mitochondria discovered by TEM. The longer course of treatment can obtain a better improvement of mitochondrial respiratory function.

Animals ; Brain Injuries ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Cell Respiration ; drug effects ; physiology ; Culture Techniques ; Disease Models, Animal ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Magnesium Sulfate ; pharmacology ; Male ; Mitochondria ; drug effects ; physiology ; ultrastructure ; Oxygen Consumption ; physiology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reference Values ; Sensitivity and Specificity