No abstract available.
Cefadroxil* ; Humans ; Kanamycin* ; Male*

Hypersensitivity myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium usually related to drug allergy. The clinical manifestation may be nonspecific, and the diagnosis is seldom suspected or established during the life. So in most of the reported patients, the diagnosis was made at autopsy. Although, retrospectively, more than 90% of the patients described have had clinically recognizable cardiac involvement before death, tole clinical suspicion of hypersensitivity myocarditis is rare. The presence of nonspecific cardiac finding in a patient receiving any drug associated with hypersensitivity should alert the clinician to the possibility of drug related myocarditis. We experienced a case of hypersensitivity myocarditis accompanying allergic skin lesion in a 58 years old man with a history of taking cefadroxil. Fortunately, the outcome was favorable, therefore we do not have histologic confirmation of the diagnosis.
Autopsy ; Cefadroxil ; Diagnosis ; Drug Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity* ; Middle Aged ; Myocarditis ; Myocardium ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin

A simple and sensitive assay method was developed for cefepime in human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cefepime and cefadroxil (the internal standard) were extracted from heparinized human plasma by simple deproteination with perchloric acid. The extract was injected into an Atlantis dC18 column (250 X 4.6 mm; particle size 5micrometer, Waters) and the column was eluted with methanol and 0.01 M dihydrogen phosphate at pH 3.0 (15 : 85 v : v) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. Linearity was confirmed for the range 0.25 to 200 micro L/mL and the limit of quantitation was 0.25 micro L/mL. The retention times were 10.2 min and 13.4 min for cefepime and cefadroxil, respectively. This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of cefepime in plasma from bone marrow transplant patients.
Bone Marrow ; Cefadroxil ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Liquid* ; Heparin ; Humans* ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Methanol ; Particle Size ; Plasma*

Effect of Cefadroxil monohydrate was evaluated on 37 patients with urinary tract infection in our department during past 6 months periods. Cefadroxil was given Orally at a dose of 1.0 gm - 3.0 gm bid per day for 3 - 15 days and following results were obtained. 1. Excellent or good results was observed in 31 out of 34 patients in whom complete follow up study were done, giving success rate of 91.2%. 2. Therapeutic effects were obtained in 10 out of 11 patients with urethritis and all patients with cystitis and pyelonephritis, but not in 1 with urethritis, 1 with prostatitis and 1 out of 9 urinary tract infections with predisposing factors. 3. In this clinical settings, Cefadroxil was effective against E. coli infection in 10 patients, mixed infection in 2 and Staphylococcus aureus infection in 5. However it was ineffective against Serratia infection in 1 patient and Staphylococcus infection in 1. 4. As to the side effects, only mild dizziness was observed in 2 patient.
Causality ; Cefadroxil* ; Coinfection ; Cystitis ; Dizziness ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Prostatitis ; Pyelonephritis ; Serratia Infections ; Staphylococcus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Urethritis ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

Cephalosporins are the most important -lactams that induce IgE-mediated reactions. Also, cephalosporins have been known as a causative agent for occupational asthma in pharmaceutical workers. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cephalosporin-induced bronchial asthma in a housewife with no history of occupational exposure. We experienced a 30-year old female who had developed shortness of breath, coughing and itching sensation of the skin since 3 years ago whenever she handled drug powder for upper respiratory infections (URI) prescribed for her two sons with bronchial asthma. She had handled drug powder for 7 years because her sons had experienced frequent URI. Skin prick test with cefadroxil (10mg/ml) and cefaclor (10mg/ml) showed positive reactions. Bronchial challenge test with cefadroxil showed immediate asthmatic reaction, and bronchial challenge with cefaclor showed immediate urticaria and angioedema without significant fall in FEV1. We confirmed cefadroxil-induced bronchial asthma sensitized by intermittent inhalation in a non-occupational setting.
Adult ; Angioedema ; Asthma* ; Asthma, Occupational ; Bronchial Provocation Tests ; Cefaclor ; Cefadroxil* ; Cephalosporins ; Cough ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Occupational Exposure ; Pruritus ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Sensation ; Skin ; Urticaria

Ceftizoxime sodium is a new synthetic β-lactam antibiotic combining potent antibacterial activity with high stability to a wide range of bacterial β-lactamase. This experiment was achieved to evaluate the antibacterial activities of ceftizoxime sodium against. Gram negative enteric bacteria isolated from in outpatient visiting Yeungnam university hospital and to study the emergence of drug induced bacterial variants which resist to ceftizoxime in vitro. The antibacterial activity of the ceftizoxime was compared with that of antibiotics and its effect on population of normal intestinal flora in mice was observed. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Highly effective antibacterial activity of ceftizoxime against Gram negative enteric bacilli was demonstrated and this antibacterial activity was superior to that of ampicillin. 2. Several test strains shows multiple antibiotic resistance. Among 15 strains of Escherichia coli, 1 strain was resistant to ampicillin, cefadroxil, gentamicin, tetracycline, and 2 strains were resistant to ampicillin, cefadroxil, tetracycline, five strains of Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae was resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and Shigella dysenteriae was resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline. 3. The frequency of in vitro emergence of resistant variants among ceftizoxime sensitive bacteria in the presence of increasing concentrations of the compound was found to be low. 4. Plasmid was isolated in 6 of 9 strains (6 strains of Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Enterobacter cloacae and Salmonella typhi). That showed different antibiotic resistance. They were 5 strains of Escherichia coli and 1 strain of Shigella dysenteriae. However, plasmid could not be considered as a hallmark for antibiotic resistance by this Further studies with curing experiment are to be accomplished for this purpose. 5. Changes in the bacterial count of normal intestinal flora following 25 mg/kg/day administration of ceftizoxime over 5 consecutive days were not significant. In conclusion, ceftizoxime appeared to be a drug of choice in the treatment of Gram negative enteric bacilli infection.
Ampicillin ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Bacterial Load ; Cefadroxil ; Ceftizoxime* ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Enterobacter cloacae ; Enterobacteriaceae* ; Escherichia coli ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Gentamicins ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques* ; Mice ; Outpatients ; Plasmids ; Salmonella ; Shigella dysenteriae ; Tetracycline

BACKGROUND: A high proportion of currently isolated gram-negative bacilli are resistant to beta-lactams by producing beta-lactamases. beta-lactam and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations have been successfully used to overcome the resistance. In this study, in vitro antimicrobial activity of a new combination, cefatrizine-clavulanic acid, was determined against gram-negative bacilli isolated from community-acquired urinary track infections. METHODS: Nonduplicate strains of Enterobacteriaceae, isolated in 2003 from urine specimens of outpatients and inpatients of less than 3 hospital days at Severance Hospital, were tested by the NCCLS agar dilution method. RESULTS: Of a total of 204 isolates, 144 (71%) were Escherichia coli and 30 (15%) were Klebsiella spp. MIC50 and MIC90 of cefatrizine for E. coli were 2 microgram/mL and 16 microgram/mL, respectively. MIC90s of both cefaclor and cefoxitin were also 16 g/mL. MIC50 and MIC90 of cefatrizine-clavulanic acid for E. coli were 1 microgram/mL and 4 microgram/mL, respectively, which were 1/2-1/4 of those of cefaclor and cefoxitin. For Klebsiella spp., MIC90 of cefatrizine was 4 microgram/mL with an MIC range of 1->128 microgram/mL, whereas that of cefatrizine-clavulanic acid was 2 microgram/mL with an MIC range of 0.5-32 microgram/mL. In vitro activity of cefatrizine-clavulanic acid was higher than that of cefatrizine. CONCLUSIONS: Improved in vitro activity of cefatrizine-clavulanic acid against isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. from community-acquired urinary track infection suggested that the combination is useful for an empirical treatment of the infection.
Agar ; beta-Lactamases ; beta-Lactams ; Cefaclor ; Cefatrizine ; Cefoxitin ; Enterobacteriaceae ; Escherichia coli ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Klebsiella ; Outpatients

To explore the enzymatic route of cefatrizine synthesis, alpha-amino acid ester hydrolase (AEH) gene was cloned from the whole genome of Xanthomonas rubrillineans, and expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The effects of temperature, pH and substrates' molar ratio upon the transformation yield of cefatrizine by purified recombinant AEH were investigated. The monomer of AEH was determined as 70 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimal pH and temperature reaction were (6.0 +/- 0.1) and 36 degrees C for cefatrizine synthesis. The transformation yield was 64.3% under 36 degrees C, pH (6.0 +/- 0.1), when the concentrations of two substrates were about 30 mmol/L (7-ATTC) and 120 mmol/L (HPGM x HCl), respectively, and the enzyme consumption was 22 U/mL. The results pave the way for optimization of the industrial enzymatic synthesis of cefatrizine.
Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Catalysis ; Cefatrizine ; metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Kinetics ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Xanthomonas ; enzymology

BACKGROUND: beta-lactam antibiotics are one of the most frequently used antimicrobial agents. However, with the increase of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria, penicillins arid 1 st generation cephalosporins have become less useful. Cefatrizine and clavulanic acid combination (CTCA) was developed to restore the activity. The aim of this study was to determine the activities of CTCA against major recent clinical isolates. METHODS: Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria tested were isolated from clinical specimens in Severance Hospital during 1996 to 1999. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the NCCLS agar dilution methods. RESULTS: MICs of cefatrizine (CT) and CTCA were similar for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and S. pneumoniae. For Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, MIC90 CTCA was 1 microgram/mL, which was 1/8-fold lower than that of cefatrizine. MIC90S of CTCA for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 4 microgram/mL and 8 microgram/mL, respectively, which were 1/4- to 1/16-fold lower than those of CT. However, it was less active against Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens. Against Bacteroides fragilis group organisms, it showed good activities similar to those of other beta-lactam and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. CONCLUSIONS: CTCA showed good antimicrobial activities against M. (B.) catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and B. fragilis. In conclusion, it would be useful for the treatment of infections due to those organisms, and for the empirical treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections.
Agar ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Bacteria* ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Bacteroides fragilis ; beta-Lactamases ; Cefatrizine ; Cephalosporins ; Citrobacter freundii ; Clavulanic Acid ; Enterobacter cloacae ; Escherichia coli ; Haemophilus influenzae ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Penicillins ; Pneumonia ; Proteus vulgaris ; Serratia marcescens ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus pyogenes ; Urinary Tract Infections