System suitability tests are an integral part of liquid chromatographic technique. They are used to verify the resolution (R) and reproducibility of the analysis to be done. HPLC method for assaying the related substances test of Cefaclor in raw material as well as in pharmaceutical dosage forms introduced to some pharmacopoeia such as EP, USP need to use Delta- 3 cefaclor as the internal standard to verify the suitability of chromatographic system. In case of lacking it to use, Cephalexin can be used as the internal standard in place of Delta-3 cefaclor. cell
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cefaclor

Introduction: Chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC) is a rare immune-mediated subepidermal vesiculobullous eruption, characterized by linear IgA deposition along the basement membrane zone of the skin. Although mostly idiopathic, CBDC may be triggered by factors such as infection, and drugs. Clinical and immunohistopathological features of drug-induced cases are heterogeneous and indistinguishable from the idiopathic form. Case report: A two-year-old Filipino male presented with pruritic vesicles and bullae on the back several days after finishing a course of cefuroxime, and cefaclor. Examination revealed multiple tense vesicles and bullae, some coalescing into a rosette pattern with central crusts on the perioral, scalp, neck, back, perineal, and perianal areas. Histopathology showed a subepidermal split with neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltrates. Direct immunofluorescence revealed strong linear deposition of IgA, and granular deposits of C3 and IgM at the basement membrane zone, thus confirming the di- agnosis of CBDC. Dapsone at 2mg/kg/day was started, with oral prednisolone (1.3mg/kg/day), and cloxacillin syrup (40mg/kg/day). Topical care with betamethasone dipropionate and mupirocin ointment was included. After eight weeks, patient showed significant im- provement with few vesicles and resolved lesions healing with post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Conclusion We report a case of a two-year-old male presenting with vesiculobullous lesions after a course of cefuroxime, and cefaclor. As both were given and withdrawn in a period of close proximity, it is difficult to determine the probable culprit drug. Spontaneous resolution upon withdrawal of the suspected drug is variable. Systemic therapy such as dapsone may be necessary for treatment.
Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis ; Cefaclor ; Cefuroxime

The susceptibilities of 45 clinical isolates of bacteroidis fragilis to cefaclor, ciproflxacin and imipenem were determined by new method, E-test (AB Bidisk, Solna, Sweden) and were compared with those from conventional agar dilution method by using brain heart infusion, Mueller-Hinton and Wilk:..s Chalgren agar plates. And the susceptibility of 60 clinical isolates of bacteroides fragilis group (B. fragilis 45 strains, B. distasonis 6 strains, B. ovatus 5 strains, B. thetaiotaomicron 4 strains) to 5 quinolones (ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin) were determined by in vitro agar dilution method. Compared with agar dilution MICs for B. fragilis 45 strains, 90.3% of E-test MICs were within +/- 1 dilution of the agar dilutions, and 98.4% were within 2 dilutions. And there were little effect of different medium bases to determine MICs except Mueller-Hinton agar. On Mueller-Hinton agar, B. fragilis showed have or no growth activity. In vitro susceptibility of B. fragilis group to quinolones, most of the test strains showed resistant patterns to quinolones except ofloxacin and there was little difference of susceptibility patterns between species of B. fragilis group.
Agar* ; Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Brain ; Cefaclor ; Enoxacin ; Heart ; Imipenem ; Norfloxacin ; Ofloxacin ; Quinolones

BACKGROUND: A high proportion of currently isolated gram-negative bacilli are resistant to beta-lactams by producing beta-lactamases. beta-lactam and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations have been successfully used to overcome the resistance. In this study, in vitro antimicrobial activity of a new combination, cefatrizine-clavulanic acid, was determined against gram-negative bacilli isolated from community-acquired urinary track infections. METHODS: Nonduplicate strains of Enterobacteriaceae, isolated in 2003 from urine specimens of outpatients and inpatients of less than 3 hospital days at Severance Hospital, were tested by the NCCLS agar dilution method. RESULTS: Of a total of 204 isolates, 144 (71%) were Escherichia coli and 30 (15%) were Klebsiella spp. MIC50 and MIC90 of cefatrizine for E. coli were 2 microgram/mL and 16 microgram/mL, respectively. MIC90s of both cefaclor and cefoxitin were also 16 g/mL. MIC50 and MIC90 of cefatrizine-clavulanic acid for E. coli were 1 microgram/mL and 4 microgram/mL, respectively, which were 1/2-1/4 of those of cefaclor and cefoxitin. For Klebsiella spp., MIC90 of cefatrizine was 4 microgram/mL with an MIC range of 1->128 microgram/mL, whereas that of cefatrizine-clavulanic acid was 2 microgram/mL with an MIC range of 0.5-32 microgram/mL. In vitro activity of cefatrizine-clavulanic acid was higher than that of cefatrizine. CONCLUSIONS: Improved in vitro activity of cefatrizine-clavulanic acid against isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. from community-acquired urinary track infection suggested that the combination is useful for an empirical treatment of the infection.
Agar ; beta-Lactamases ; beta-Lactams ; Cefaclor ; Cefatrizine ; Cefoxitin ; Enterobacteriaceae ; Escherichia coli ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Klebsiella ; Outpatients

PURPOSE: AOM is the most common bacterial URI in children. The bacteriology and antibiotic Tx of AOM in children has been studied in many countries. But, there is few study of causative pathogens and antibiotic Tx of AOM in our country. In this aspect, we performed prospective clinical study to confirm the causative pathogens and assess the clinical responses of cefprozil in AOM patients. METHODS: Thirty three AOM patients enrolled in this study. Tympanocentesis for isolation of causa tive pathogens were performed before Tx of cefprozil. The study patients received cefprozil with dose of 15 mg/kg/bid.po/day for 10-12 days, and initially assessed the clinical response at 4-5 days after receiving cefprozil and finally at the end visit. In vitro susceptibility tests of cefprozil to isolated pathogens were done by disc diffusion method, and in vitro susceptibility tests of cefaclor and cefixime to isolated pathogens were simultaneously performed. RESULTS: Bacterial pathogens[S. pneumoniae(10), H. influenzae(5), S. aureus(2), M. catarrhalis(1) and Group A stretococcus(1)] were isolated from 19 patients. Clinically, all patients had history of abrupt high fever except one. Tympanic perforation was dominant in pathogens isolated cases, and otalgia was significantly developed in non-pathogens isolated cases. The ages of pathogens isolated cases were usually below 2 years. Eighty four point nine percent of the patients including two cases with isolation of intermediate resistant S. pneumoniae were clinically improved. Antimicrobial in vitro activity to S. pneumoniae of cefprozil were superior than that of cefacor and cefixime. CONCLUSION: We confirm that bacteria has the causative role in about 60% cases, and S. pneumoniae is the most common pathogen. Clinically, there were some differences in symptoms, signs and ages between pathogens isolated and non-pathogens isolated cases. The clinical responses of cefprozil in our patients revealed similar outcomes to other countries. And we reconfirm that cefprozil may be clinically effective in cases of AOM due to intermediate resistant S. pneumoniae.
Bacteria ; Bacteriology ; Cefaclor ; Cefixime ; Child ; Diffusion ; Earache ; Fever ; Humans ; Otitis Media* ; Otitis* ; Pneumonia ; Prospective Studies

Dental avulsion, defined as the complete displacement of a tooth from the alveolar bone with consequent loss of the blood and nerve supply, was reported as one of the most severe dental injuries. Avulsion can cause tissue ischemia, which leads to pulp necrosis.Apexification is a conventional treatment method that induces an apical calcified barrier in immature roots with pulp necrosis. However, root development characterized by an increase in the root thickness and length cannot be achieved by apexification.The purpose of this case report was to describe the radiographic and clinical outcomes of regenerative endodontic treatment for the avulsed and necrosed permanent tooth with an immature root after replantation in a 5-year-old girl; the treatment was performed using a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and cefaclor, CollaTape and Biodentine.
Apexification ; Cefaclor ; Child, Preschool ; Ciprofloxacin ; Dental Pulp Necrosis ; Female ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Methods ; Metronidazole ; Replantation ; Tooth

We report a case of cutaneous Mycobacterium (M.) abscessus infection in a 32-year-old woman who presented with a red infiltrated plaque on her left shin. No history of prior trauma was reported, but she had a history of habitual leg shaving. Skin biopsy specimen showed neutrophilic abscesses with poorly defined granulomas in the lower dermis and subcutaneous tissue, as well as some acid-fast bacilli. The microorganism was identified as M. abscessus by tissue culture and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. The patient was treated with clarithromycin and cefaclor for 4 months, and there was no evidence of recurrence at 6 month follow-up.
Abscess ; Adult ; Biopsy ; Cefaclor ; Clarithromycin ; Dermis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Granuloma ; Humans ; Leg ; Mycobacterium ; Neutrophils ; Recurrence ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Tissue

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical efficacy of Qingqiao Capsule (QQC) in treating patients with secretory otitis media (SOM).

METHODSA total of 90 patients were randomly assigned into the treated group (n = 45) and the control group (n = 45). Patients in the treated group were administrated with QQC, 5 capsules each time, 3 times a day for totally 10-14 days, and those in the control group were given per os cefaclor capsules 0.5 g each time for adult, 3 times a day, or 20 mg/(kg.d) for children, for 10-14 days. The therapeutic efficacy of treatment on the patients was observed and compared after treatment and followed up for 3-6 months.

RESULTS(1) The clinical efficacy in the treated group was superior to that in the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.01); (2) Comparison of the efficacies in patients of three different TCM syndrome types (the external pathogenic wind invasion caused auditory orifice stuffiness type, the Gan-Dan damp-heat steaming up auditory orifice type and the Pi-deficiency dysfunction induced dirty dampness blocking ear type) showed no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05); (3) The vanishing rate and time needed of the main symptoms and signs in the treated group were superior to those in the control group on ear muffle, tinnitus, hearing impairment, hydrotypanum, pure tone threshold and abnormal tongue figure, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), only those of earache, otopiesis and abnormal pulse figure were insignificantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONQQC is an effective Chinese composite medicine on patients with SOM, and shows no obvious adverse reaction.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Capsules ; Cefaclor ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Otitis Media with Effusion ; drug therapy ; Syndrome ; Treatment Outcome

Cephalosporins are the most important -lactams that induce IgE-mediated reactions. Also, cephalosporins have been known as a causative agent for occupational asthma in pharmaceutical workers. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cephalosporin-induced bronchial asthma in a housewife with no history of occupational exposure. We experienced a 30-year old female who had developed shortness of breath, coughing and itching sensation of the skin since 3 years ago whenever she handled drug powder for upper respiratory infections (URI) prescribed for her two sons with bronchial asthma. She had handled drug powder for 7 years because her sons had experienced frequent URI. Skin prick test with cefadroxil (10mg/ml) and cefaclor (10mg/ml) showed positive reactions. Bronchial challenge test with cefadroxil showed immediate asthmatic reaction, and bronchial challenge with cefaclor showed immediate urticaria and angioedema without significant fall in FEV1. We confirmed cefadroxil-induced bronchial asthma sensitized by intermittent inhalation in a non-occupational setting.
Adult ; Angioedema ; Asthma* ; Asthma, Occupational ; Bronchial Provocation Tests ; Cefaclor ; Cefadroxil* ; Cephalosporins ; Cough ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Occupational Exposure ; Pruritus ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Sensation ; Skin ; Urticaria

PURPOSE: Urinary tract infection(UTI) is one of the most frequent infections in children. E. coli is the most frequent etiological micropathogen in pediatric community UTI, and E. coli has developed resistance to many antibiotics, highlighting the need for regular surveys of this organism resistant patterns in the community. The aim of this study was to determine the oral antibiotic susceptibility patterns of E. coli, isolated from pediatric patients with uncomplicated community acquired UTI. METHODS: E. coli isolates, obtained from pediatric patients with uncomplicated community acquired UTI between October in 2004 to September in 2005. And minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs) of oral aminopenicillins and beta-lactamase inhibnitors(ampicillin, amoxacillin, ampicillin-sulbactam), oral cephalosporins(cefaclor, cefixime) and sulfa drug(trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole) were performed according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards(NCCLS) guide line. RESULTS: Total 211 organisms were isolated from pediatric out-patients with community UTI. E. coli was the most common organism(89 percent), followed by E. fecalis, Proteus species, S. aureus, M. morganii, and P. aeruginosa. The resistant rates of aminopenicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors, cefaclor and sulfa drug to E. coli were very high. But, the resistant rate of cefixime was markedly low, and ESBL strains were isolated with small rates. CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest that aminopenicillins, cefaclor and sulfa drug may not be useful as first line empirical antibiotics to treat pediatric patients with community UTI in Korea. But, 3rd generation cephalosporin such as cefixime can be used as effective second line antibiotics after primary treatment failure, also may be useful as an empirical first line antibiotic. Finally, we conclude that a continuous surveillance study to monitor susceptibility patterns of E. coli in community UTI will be needed for the standard guide lines of empirical oral antibiotic treatment.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; beta-Lactamases ; Cefaclor ; Cefixime* ; Child ; Escherichia coli* ; Escherichia* ; Humans ; Korea ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Outpatients ; Proteus ; Treatment Failure ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*