Paralimbic association area in the temporal pole is situated between sensory association areas and the limbic regions and has direct connections with these areas and the ventral striatum. Corticostriatal connections of paralimbic association area in the temporal pole were studied with particular emphasis on specific projections of the ventral striatum to identify different contributions to the functional outcome of the ventral striatum. Retrograde tracers were injected into the five different regions of the ventral striatum such as the ventromedial caudate nucleus, ventral shell, central shell, dorsal core of the nucleus accumbens (NA), and ventrolateral putamen to identify the labeled cells of origin. Present results indicate that the temporal pole has specifically dense projections to the ventral shell of NA. This differential pattern of corticostriatal connectivity suggests that ventral shell region of ventral striatum is preferentially involved in the convergence of sensory and limbic stimulus to motivational and emotional states.
Basal Ganglia ; Caudate Nucleus ; Nucleus Accumbens ; Primates* ; Putamen

In the 2 patients with hemichorea brain CT scan reveals hypodensity on the contralateral caudate nucleus and the region near contralateral caudate nucleus. The pathoanatomy of similar cases in literature are reviewed with the reference to the location of responsible lesions.
Brain ; Caudate Nucleus ; Chorea* ; Humans ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Transient memory impairment can be occurred by many causes. One of them is acute focal brain lesion in strategic site. Caudate nucleus and medial basal ganglia (globus pallidus) are lesion of strategic site. They play its role in cognitive processing. But lateral basal ganglia (putamen) is known as a structure involving movement, not cognitive function. We report a interesting case of transient memory dysfunction with acute focal putamen ICH with old caudate nucleus infarction.
Basal Ganglia ; Brain ; Caudate Nucleus ; Infarction ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Memory ; Putamen

Brain extracellular space (ECS) is a narrow, irregular space, which provides immediate living environment for neural cells and accounts for approximately 15%-20% of the total volume of living brain. Twenty-five years ago, as an interventional radiologist, the author was engaged in investigating early diagnosis and treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke, and the parameters of brain ECS was firstly derived and demonstrated during the study of the permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its diffusion changes in the cerebral ischemic tissue. Since then, the author and his team had been working on developing a novel measuring method of ECS: tracer-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which could measure brain ECS parameters in the whole brain scale and make the dynamic drainage process of the labelled brain interstitial fluid (ISF) visualized. By using the new method, the team made a series of new findings about the brain ECS and ISF, including the discovery of a new division system in the brain, named regionalized ISF drainage system. We found that the ISF drainage in the deep brain was regionalized and the structural and functional parameters in different interstitial system (ISS) divisions were disparate. The ISF in the caudate nucleus could be drained to ipsilateral cortex and finally into the subarachnoid space, which maintained the pathway of ISF-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exchange. However, the ISF in the thalamus was eliminated locally in its anatomical division. After verifying the nature of the barrier structure between different drainage divisions, the author proposed the hypothesis of "regionalized brain homeostasis". Thus, we demonstrated that the brain was protected not only by the BBB, which avoided potential exogenous damage through the vascular system, but was also protected by an internal ISF drainage barrier to avoid potentially harmful interference from other ECS divisions in the deep brain. With the new findings and the proposed hypothesis, an innovative therapeutic method for the treatment of encephalopathy with local drug delivery via the brain ECS pathway was established. By using this new administration method, the drug was achieved directly to the space around neurons or target regions, overwhelming the impendence from the blood-brain barrier, thus solved the obstacles of low efficiency in traditional drug investigation. At present, new methods and discoveries developed by the author and his team have been widely applied in several frontier fields including neuroscience, new drug research and development, neurodevelopment aerospace medicine, clinical encephalopathy treatment,new neural network modeling and so on.
Brain ; Caudate Nucleus ; Extracellular Fluid ; Extracellular Space ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Hemiballism is a rare hyperkinetic involuntary movement disorder that presents with unilateral forceful, flinging, large amplitude of proximal limbs. The most consistent neuropathological findings in hemiballism are a lesion of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus and pallidosubthalamic tract. However, we experienced a patient with pure hemiballism as isolated manifestation of acute ischemic stroke without other neurological abnormal symptoms such as chorea or dystonia. Brain magnetic resonance image showed acute ischemic stroke in right caudate nucleus but not subthalamic nucleus.
Brain ; Caudate Nucleus ; Chorea ; Dyskinesias* ; Dystonia ; Extremities ; Humans ; Infarction* ; Stroke ; Subthalamic Nucleus

The organization of the striatal projection fibers from the hippocampal formation (HF) was studied in the monkey with particular emphasis on specific projections of the ventral striatum. Retrograde tracers were injected into the five different regions of the ventral striatum such as the ventromedial caudate nucleus, ventral shell, central shell, and dorsal core of the nucleus accumbens (NA), and ventrolateral putamen. The ventromedial caudate nucleus and the shell of the NA received dense projections from the HF. Although the ventromedial caudate nucleus and the shell of the NA are both innervated by the HF, the shell receives the larger of these projections. This suggests that the HF is more strongly connected with the shell of the NA than with the ventromedial caudate nucleus. There are no differences between the ventral shell and central shell of the NA. Labeled neurons were mainly observed in the rostral parts of the dorsomedial CA1 and adjacent subicular complex (prosubiculum, subiculum, presubiculum, and parasubiculum) of the HF. These results suggest that the shell of the NA is the main converging site receiving hippocampal projections primarily related to integrating visuospatial and limbic information.
Basal Ganglia* ; Caudate Nucleus ; Haplorhini ; Hippocampus ; Neurons ; Nucleus Accumbens ; Primates* ; Putamen

The present study was to investigate whether entopeduncular nucleus (EP) is involved in caudate-putamen nucleus (CPu) stimulation-induced analgesia and in acupuncture analgesia. It was found that the foot-withdrawal latency elicited by radiant heat exposure was increased after electroacupuncture analgesia (EA), and the nociceptive responses of neurons in parafascicular nucleus (Pf) were inhibited after EA or after excitation of CPu neurons in normal rats, but the foot-withdrawal latency and nociceptive responses of Pf neurons were unchanged by EA or excitation of CPu in the rats with lesion of EP by local application of kainic acid. The results obtained with microinjeciton of saline instead of kainic acid into the EP were the same with those in the nonlesioned control group. The differences in the results between the lesion group and the other groups were significant ( <0.05). It is suggested that EP is involved in acupuncture analgesia and also plays an important role in caudate-putamen nucleus stimulation-induced analgesia.
Acupuncture Analgesia ; Animals ; Caudate Nucleus ; physiology ; Electroacupuncture ; Electrophysiology ; Entopeduncular Nucleus ; physiology ; Female ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Among the series of 272 cases of surgically treated anterior circulation aneurysms, we experienced 6 cases of central infarctions involving caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen and genu of internal capsule respectively or in combination. These surgery related complications were caused by the injury to the perforators going to the anterior perforated substance during manipulation of the large aneurysm or the aneurysms ruptured prematurely. The clinical courses of these patients, however, were not so severe. The morbidities were minimal or none after the average follow-up periods of 17 months. Thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the perforators may help to minimize the severe morbidity in the management of large or difficult aneurysms.
Aneurysm* ; Caudate Nucleus ; Follow-Up Studies ; Globus Pallidus ; Humans ; Infarction* ; Internal Capsule ; Olfactory Pathways ; Putamen

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this paper was to investigate the utility of 18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β-carboxymethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (FP-CIT) positron emission tomography (PET) for evaluating the severity of Parkinson's disease (PD) according to various clinical stages, and to identify the relationship between the striatal substructure and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score, cognitive symptoms through 18F-FP-CIT PET. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 542 patients with various clinical stages of PD who underwent an 18F-FP-CIT PET at our clinics. The difference between the 18F-FP-CIT PET according to the Hoehn-Yahr stage, correlation between 18F-FP-CIT PET and the UPDRS III grouped motor items, and the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) were investigated. RESULTS: As disease progressed, the right caudate and both the anterior putamen and caudate/putamen ratios exhibited a significantly lower uptake. The uptake of all striatal substructures was significantly correlated with the UPDRS total motor score. The right caudate nucleus was significantly related to both the UPDRS tremor items and the right UPDRS akinesia-rigidity items. The left caudate nucleus was related to both the UPDRS tremor items and UPDRS akinesia-rigidity items. The right anterior putamen was related to the axial items, right tremor and akinesia-rigidity items; while the left anterior putamen was related to the right tremor and right akinesia-rigidity items. Both of the posterior putamens were related to the axil items, left tremor and left akinesia rigidity items. K-MMSE was not significantly related to any striatal substructures. CONCLUSIONS: The UPDRS total motor score was significantly correlated with the uptake of all striatal substructures. However, the 18F-FPCIT uptake in specific striatal substructures was rather complexly correlated with the UPDRS motor grouped items and was not significantly related to K-MMSE. These results suggest the possibility of the complex pathophysiology of motor symptoms of PD and limitation of 18F-FPCIT PET for the evaluation of the severity of PD motor and cognitive symptoms.
Caudate Nucleus ; Electrons* ; Humans ; Neurobehavioral Manifestations* ; Parkinson Disease* ; Positron-Emission Tomography* ; Putamen ; Retrospective Studies ; Tremor

BACKGROUND: A silent period (SP), recorded with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) reflects the cortical inhibition of the central motor pathway. In most previous reports involving unilateral cerebral lesions, prolonged cortical SPs recorded with TMS on the affected side compared with SPs on the contralateral hemisphere were observed. However, in only a few studies, a shortened SP has been observed. In the present study, we assumed a shortened SP mechanism in the association with stoke. METHODS: We studied cortical SPs of both first dorsal interossei muscles evoked by TMS in 21 normal subjects and 13 patients with single focal cerebral lesions (lacunar infarct or small hemorrhage). We divided lesions into two groups with prolonged and shortened SP. Interside differences of SP recorded in both groups were compared with that of normal subjects. RESULTS: Shortened SP was observed in 3 thalamic, 3 motor cortical, and 1 caudate nucleus head lesions. Four thalamic and 2 putamenal lesions showed prolonged SP. In patients with thalamic lesions, SPs were shortened in ventrolateral thalamic lesions and prolonged in dorsomedial lesions. Interside differences of both the shortened and prolonged groups were 85.8+/-47.6 msec, and 99.3+/-49.7 msec, respectively (normal control, 7.3+/-5.9 msec). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that shortened SP is related to anatomical sites of lesions including motor cortex, caudate nucleus, and ventrolateral thalamus. Divergent results obtained from thalamic lesions also suggest that the thalamocortical pathway plays a significant role in cortical SP induced by TMS.
Caudate Nucleus ; Head ; Humans ; Motor Cortex ; Muscles ; Putamen ; Stroke* ; Thalamus ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation*