This study aimed to compare thickness of the capsule, corium, and soft tissues measured ultrasonographically and macroscopically in selected regions of bovine claws. A hundred and twenty claws (n = 120) of 15 healthy Holstein bovines were obtained. After cleaning the claws, ultrasonographic measurement of the capsule, corium, and soft tissues was performed while submerging the claws in a water bath. Macroscopic measurements were taken after cutting of the claws axially. These values were compared statistically. According to the macroscopic measurements, the mean thickness +/- standard deviation (SD) of the capsule for dorsal wall and sole was 6.2 +/- 0.1 and 9.5 +/- 0.4 mm, respectively. The thickness of the corium and soft tissues for dorsal wall and sole was 4.5 +/- 0.1 and 5.3 +/- 0.1 mm, respectively. Ultrasonographically, the mean thickness +/- SD of the capsule for dorsal wall and sole was 4.7 +/- 0.1 and 7.8 +/- 0.3 mm, respectively. The thickness of the corium and soft tissues for dorsal wall and sole was 4.3 +/- 0.1 and 5.9 +/- 0.2 mm, respectively. Findings demonstrated that ultrasonography can be reliably to measure of the thickness of the hoof capsule, corium, and soft tissue in bovine claw.
Animals ; Cadaver ; Cattle/*anatomy & histology ; Hoof and Claw/*anatomy & histology/ultrasonography

This experiment was aimed to shed light on the correlation and quantitative relationships between the width of bovine periodontal ligament (PDL) and the elastic modulus and, more over, between the width of bovine PDL and the capacity ratio of collagen fibers. The width and length of periodontal ligament of PDL were determined by stereomicroscope, and the elastic modulus by the materials testing systems. The collagen fibers in cross section of the specimen were stained with 1% Sirius Red F3B in saturated carbazotic acid, and the photo of stained PDL was collected by stereomicroscope. Image pro plus6.0 image analysis software was used to measure and calculate the capacity ratio of collagen fibers. It was found that there is a negative correlation between the width of bovine periodontal ligament and elastic modulus. The correlation coefficient is -0.21 and the simple linear regression model is Y = 71. 681-0.021x (Width of PDL); there is a positive correlation between capacity ratio of collagen fibers and elastic modulus. The coefficient correlation is 1.583 and the simple linear regression model is Y = -34.944 + 1.583x (The percentage of collagen fibers). Thus, the elastic modulus of bovine PDL increases while the width of bovine PDL decreases, and it increases while the capacity ratio of collagen fibers increases.
Animals ; Cattle ; Collagen ; chemistry ; Elastic Modulus ; Periodontal Ligament ; physiology ; Tensile Strength ; Tooth Root ; anatomy & histology

OBJECTIVES: To observe the morphological characteristic indexes of the muscle tissues from different species and to establish a discriminant equation of species identification and tried to establish a new method for species identification. METHODS: Three different parts of the muscle tissues, triceps brachii, biceps femoris and erector spinae from adult human corpses, triceps brachii, biceps femoris and longissimus dorsi muscle from swine, sheep and cattle reached the slaughter age, were extracted respectively （20 for each group） and deal the tissues into paraffin sections. Eleven observational indexes of the muscle tissues from adult human corpses, swine, sheep and cattle were detected. Statistical methods were used to analyze the data and a discriminant equation of species identification was established. RESULTS: Four observation indicators were screened for establishing the discriminant equation of species identification among human, swine, sheep and cattle. The accurate rate of this method for human muscle tissue identification was 90%, and for swine, sheep, and cattle muscle tissue were 80%, 100% and 80% respectively. CONCLUSIONS The morphological method provides a new method for the species identification of the muscle tissue among human, swine, sheep and cattle, and it can be used as a reference for the identification of animal species.
Animals ; Cadaver ; Cattle ; Forensic Anthropology ; Humans ; Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology* ; Sheep ; Swine

Mites in the genus Chorioptes cause a mild form of skin disease in both domestic and wild ruminants. In July 2006, dermatitis characterized by alopecia, marked lichenification, accumulation of crust, and fissuring was recognized in 14 out of 200 Holstein dairy cattle raised in the cattle farm of the National Institute of Animal Science in Cheonan, Republic of Korea. Skin lesions were distributed mainly over the tail base, and sacral and perineal regions. Microscopic examinations of skin scraping samples from severely affected areas revealed numerous mites of all developmental stages. Morphologically, pedicels of the mites were short and unjointed. The tarsal suckers occurred on the pedicels of all the legs in the male worm and on the first, second, and fourth pair of legs in the adult female worm. A single long seta at the tarsus of legs III and the length of legs II being about twice as long as legs IV in adult male mites were observed. Arising anterior to the inner-most spatulate seta was a short seta with an average of 26.4 +/- 5.8 micrometer in length. Also, the length of setae #4 on the opisthosomal lobes was relatively short. Based on these observations, the mites were identified as Choriptes texanus. Although the chorioptic mange may not influence the mortality rate in the affected farm, reports indicate that a decline in milk production can be observed. This is the first report of chorioptic infestation in a cattle farm from Korea.
Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology/pathology ; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary ; Female ; Korea/epidemiology ; Mite Infestations/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary ; Psoroptidae/*anatomy & histology/*classification

In the present study, we evaluated the histological morphology of the adult Paramphistomum (P.) gracile. Adult flukes with bodies 5~15 mm in length and 2~7 mm in width were subjected to histological analysis. Longitudinal and transversal serial-sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined. The body surface and longitudinal section of P. gracile were also assessed using scanning electron microscopy. In this species, the anterior sucker and posterior sucker (acetabulum) were present on an anterior and posterior part of the body, respectively. The major folds were located in the areas of the anterior sucker, genital canal, and posterior sucker. The fluke membrane was spineless at the tegument surface and in the tegument tissue. Histological data showed structural-systematic characteristics of the digestive tract, reproductive tract, excretory tract, copulatory organs, connective tissues, and muscle tissues. We attempted to elucidate the histological characteristics of P. gracile that might increase the knowledge and understanding of rumen fluke morphology.
Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*parasitology/pathology ; Female ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/veterinary ; Rumen/parasitology ; Stomach Diseases/parasitology/pathology/*veterinary ; Thailand ; Trematoda/*anatomy & histology/isolation & purification/ultrastructure ; Trematode Infections/parasitology/pathology/*veterinary

Transrectal Doppler sonography was used to evaluate uterine blood flow during the first two weeks after parturition in six primiparous Simmental cows. The uterine blood flow was evaluated on the day of parturition (Day 0), once daily from Days 1 to 8 and then every other day until Day 14. Blood flow was quantified by determining the diameter (D), the time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV), the pulsatility index (PI) and the blood flow volume (BFV) of the uterine arteries ipsilateral and contralateral to the formerly pregnant uterine horn. During the first four days after calving D, TAMV and BFV declined (ipsilateral: TAMV 70%, BFV 87%, contralateral: D 47%, BFV 84%; p < 0.05), while PI increased (ipsilateral 158%, contralateral 100%; p < 0.05) distinctly. Between Days 4 and 14 only the ipsilateral D (12%) and the BFV of both arteries (ipsilateral 5%, contralateral 8%) decreased (p < 0.05). Blood flow variables were very strongly correlated with each other (r > +/-0.75, p < 0.05), with negative correlations with PI and positive correlations with all other investigated factors. Overall, this study revealed characteristic changes in uterine perfusion during the first two weeks after parturition in cows that were pronounced during the first four days postpartum.
Animals ; Blood Flow Velocity/veterinary ; Cattle ; Female ; Parturition ; *Postpartum Period ; Pulse Wave Analysis/veterinary ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color/*methods/veterinary ; Uterine Artery/anatomy & histology/*ultrasonography ; Uterus/*blood supply/*ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: To determine the histocompatibility and histoconstancy of bovine jugular vein conduit (BJVC) treated by dye-mediated photooxidation following decellularization before and after implantation in Wistar rats. METHODS: Each of 20 fresh bovine jugular veins with a retained native valve procured from a slaughterhouse was cut into 4 trial patches with valves, which were randomly divided into 4 groups. The 4 groups were treated respectively by dye-mediated photooxidation(DMP), glutaraldehyde(GA), decellularization(DC), and dye-mediated photooxidation following decellularization (DC+DMP). One of the trial patches in each group was implanted subcutaneously in the same Wistar rat. Two months later, all trial rats were killed and the specimens were retrieved. Tissue protein extraction was used to estimate the cross-linked degree of BJVC treated by dye-mediated photooxidation following decellularization. To observe the morphologic properties of the specimens, HE staining and electron microscopes were used. RESULTS: Compared with others, the patches in the DC+DMP group were flexible, stretched, and relatively intact; lining endothelium was comparatively smooth; collagen fiber structure was slightly loose intact; and many cells were uniformly infiltrated in all layers. CONCLUSION BJVC treated by dye-mediated photooxidation following decellularization is superior to others in histocompatibility, and the rate of degradation can be regulated by the degree of dye-mediated photooxidation.
Animals ; Bioprosthesis ; Blood Vessel Prosthesis ; Cattle ; Cell Separation ; Jugular Veins ; anatomy & histology ; transplantation ; ultrastructure ; Materials Testing ; Oxidants, Photochemical ; pharmacology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

The regional distribution and relative frequency of some endocrine cells in the principal pancreatic islets of two teleosts, Silurus asotus Linne (Siluridae) and Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner (Centropomidae), which have similar feeding habits, were observed using specific antisera against insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (bovine PP) using the peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) method. Spherical to spindle shaped cells were demonstrated in the principal pancreatic islets in both species of teleost fishes. However, they were not detected in the exocrine portions nor the pancreatic ducts. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were located in the central regions of the principal pancreatic islets at high frequency in both species. Glucagonimmunoreactive cells were restricted to the peripheral regions of the principal pancreatic islets in both species. They formed a mantle zone in the peripheral regions of Silurus asotus with moderate frequency, and occupied a narrower mantle zone in Siniperca scherzeri with moderate frequency. In addition, glucagonimmunoreactive cell cores were also found in the peripheral zone of some principal pancreatic islets of Siniperca scherzeri. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were dispersed in the central zone of the principal pancreatic islets of Silurus asotus with moderate frequency, but were located in the peripheral regions with low frequency in Siniperca scherzeri. Bovine PPimmunoreactive cells were found in the peripheral region and the mantle zone of the principal pancreatic islets with low and rare frequency, respectively in both species. In conclusion, the regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the principal pancreatic islets of Silurus asotus showed general patterns similar to those of other teleostean fishes. But, some speciesdependent distributional patterns and/or relative frequencies, particularly in glucagon-, somatostatin- and bovine PP-immunoreactive cells, were detected in the principal pancreatic islets of Siniperca scherzeri
Animals ; Catfishes/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Cattle ; Glucagon/analysis/immunology ; Immune Sera/diagnostic use/immunology ; Immunohistochemistry/veterinary ; Insulin/analysis/immunology ; Islets of Langerhans/*cytology/physiology ; Pancreatic Polypeptide/analysis/immunology ; Perciformes/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Somatostatin/analysis/immunology

This study was designed to evaluate the reproductive performance of Japanese black cows following the 3rd injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue administered concurrently with Ovsynch-based treatment on day 6 (day 1 = the day of ovulation). In Experiment 1, 12 cows were allocated into three groups: a control group that was subjected to Ovsynch treatment and then injected with a placebo on day 6; group 1 (Ovsynch + GnRH), which was subjected to Ovsynch treatment and was injected with GnRH analogue on day 6, and group 2 (Ovsynch + controlled internal drug-release (CIDR) + GnRH), which received Ovsynch-CIDR treatment and was injected with GnRH analogue on day 6. Blood collection and ultrasonographic observation of the ovaries were conducted daily. Both treatments induced the formation of an accessory corpus luteum and significantly increased the cross-sectional area of the luteal tissue when compared to the control. However, plasma progesterone (P(4)) was significantly higher in the treatment groups than in the control group on days 11, 12, 17 and 18 in the group 1 and from day 10 to 21 in the group 2. In Experiment 2, 41 cows were assigned to the same three groups described above and then artificially inseminated on day 1. The pregnancy rates on day 45 did not differ among groups. In conclusion, administration of GnRH analogue on day 6 following Ovsynch-based treatment did not improve the reproductive performance of Japanese black cows, even though the P(4) concentration was higher in groups that received the GnRH.
Animals ; Cattle ; Corpus Luteum/anatomy & histology/drug effects/physiology ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Estrus/drug effects/physiology ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Japan ; Ovulation/drug effects/physiology ; Placebos ; Progesterone/blood ; Reproduction/drug effects/*physiology