Neuroretinitis is an inflammatory optic neuropathy with a classic fundoscopic appearance of optic disc swelling and hard exudates on the macula in a star formation. It can be a manifestation of systemic, infectious or autoimmune disease. In nearly half of cases, the etiology is idiopathic. This review aims to summarize the clinical presentation, fundoscopic mimics, etiologies, investigation, and treatment of neuroretinitis. Cat-scratch disease, the most common cause of infectious neuroretinitis, and recurrent idiopathic neuroretinitis, which can cause ocular morbidity, are discussed in detail.
Retinitis ; Cat-Scratch Disease

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Bartonella henselae ; Cat-Scratch Disease ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; physiopathology ; Child ; Female ; Humans

We report a case of cat scratch disease (CSD) caused by Bartonella henselae in a 14-year-old boy who developed lymphadenopathy in the right cervical area, after a raising canine pet for 10 months. The cervical lymphadenopathy persisted for 14 days. Immunofluorescent antibody testing for B. henselae with the patient's serum was 1: 64 positive. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using the patient's lymph node aspirates for B. henselae DNA was also positive. This is the first case of cat scratch disease confirmed by PCR for B. henselae DNA in children.
Adolescent ; Animals ; Bartonella henselae* ; Bartonella* ; Cat-Scratch Disease* ; Cats* ; Child ; DNA* ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction*

OBJECTIVE: In order to raise awareness of CSD and reduce misdiagnosis, we study the manisfection and treatment of CSD with enlarged masses. METHOD: A retrospective study was carried out among the 10 identified patients with CSD on the basis of compatible clinical presentation and confirmatory pathology results for CSD. RESULT: All the 10 patient's first symptoms were masses at some part of the body, more common in the neck. The ratio was 5% at neck, 3% at armpit, 1% at upper, 1% at groin. Two patients had low heat, increased leukocyte and larger masses of more than 2 cm in diameter After surgical resection, and anti-inflammatory treatment. All the patients were cured after surgery and postoperative anti-inflammatory treatment, and there was no recurrence during the 7-year follow-up. CONCLUSION If patients were diagnosed and treated timely, the prognosis will be good. For the cases with extremely enlarged lymphonodus, surgical operation followed by antimicrobial chemotherapy will be a effective treatment.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Cat-Scratch Disease ; diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphatic Diseases ; diagnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

Adolescent ; Adult ; Cat-Scratch Disease ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphadenitis ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

We report a case of cat scratch disease caused by Bartonella henselae in Korea. A 25-yr-old woman developed left cervical lymphadenopathy with history of contact with a dog. The cervical lymphadenopathy persisted for 1 month and resolved gradually and spontaneously. Serologic test was not done during the acute stage of the disease. Immunofluorescent antibody test performed during the convalescent stage was positive for B. henselae. To confirm B. henselae infection, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using aspirates of cervical lymph node was performed and the presence of B. henselae DNA was demonstrated. This is the first reported case of cat scratch disease in Korea confirmed by PCR for B. henselae DNA.
Adult ; Bartonella henselae/*genetics/*isolation and purification ; Cat-Scratch Disease/*diagnosis/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/*analysis/*genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cat-scratch disease (CSD), caused by Bartonella henselae is one of the most common zoonosis. However, only several cases of B. henselae infection have been reported in Korea. This study investigated the seroprevalence of B. henselae in healthy adults and related risk factors. METHODS: Serum samples from 300 healthy participants were analyzed using an immunoglobulin G immunof luorescence assay (IFA) for B. henselae isolated in Korea. Surveys on the risk factors for B. henselae infection were conducted simultaneously. RESULTS: Of the participants, 47.7% and 15.0% raised dogs and cats, respectively. The overall seroprevalence of B. henselae was 15.0% (IFA titer ≥ 1:64). Participants who had raised cats showed 22.2% seropositivity against B. henselae, and those with no experience with cats showed 13.7% seroprevalence (p = 0.17). Participants who had cats as pets or been scratched by cats, showed 9.8% seropositivity against B. henselae (IFA titer ≥ 1:256). However, those who had not raised or been scratched by a cat showed 2.0% seropositivity (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: In Korea, the seroprevalence of B. henselae is higher than expected, suggesting that Bartonella infection due to B. henselae is not uncommon. Cats are proposed to play a more important role than dogs in transmission of CSD.
Adult* ; Animals ; Bartonella henselae* ; Bartonella Infections ; Bartonella* ; Cat-Scratch Disease ; Cats ; Dogs ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Korea* ; Risk Factors ; Seroepidemiologic Studies*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cat-scratch disease (CSD), caused by Bartonella henselae is one of the most common zoonosis. However, only several cases of B. henselae infection have been reported in Korea. This study investigated the seroprevalence of B. henselae in healthy adults and related risk factors. METHODS: Serum samples from 300 healthy participants were analyzed using an immunoglobulin G immunof luorescence assay (IFA) for B. henselae isolated in Korea. Surveys on the risk factors for B. henselae infection were conducted simultaneously. RESULTS: Of the participants, 47.7% and 15.0% raised dogs and cats, respectively. The overall seroprevalence of B. henselae was 15.0% (IFA titer ≥ 1:64). Participants who had raised cats showed 22.2% seropositivity against B. henselae, and those with no experience with cats showed 13.7% seroprevalence (p = 0.17). Participants who had cats as pets or been scratched by cats, showed 9.8% seropositivity against B. henselae (IFA titer ≥ 1:256). However, those who had not raised or been scratched by a cat showed 2.0% seropositivity (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: In Korea, the seroprevalence of B. henselae is higher than expected, suggesting that Bartonella infection due to B. henselae is not uncommon. Cats are proposed to play a more important role than dogs in transmission of CSD.
Adult* ; Animals ; Bartonella henselae* ; Bartonella Infections ; Bartonella* ; Cat-Scratch Disease ; Cats ; Dogs ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Korea* ; Risk Factors ; Seroepidemiologic Studies*

Bartonella henselae causes cat-scratch disease, bacteremia, and various focal infections. Despite the worldwide occurrence of B. henselae infections, reports in humans are rare in Korea. The clinical manifestation of all 5 previously reported cases was lymphadenopathy. Herein, we report a case of bacteremia in a woman who presented with prolonged fever. B. henselae was isolated from a blood specimen by cell culture. Conventional polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic space region confirmed the isolate to be B. henselae. The patient had no underlying immunocompromising conditions and no recent exposure to animals. She was successfully managed with a combination of doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine.
Animals ; Bacteremia* ; Bartonella henselae* ; Bartonella* ; Cat-Scratch Disease ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Chloroquine ; Doxycycline ; Female ; Fever ; Fever of Unknown Origin ; Focal Infection ; Humans ; Hydroxychloroquine ; Korea* ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

Cat-scratch disease is a self-limited zoonotic disease characterized by regional lymphadenopathy and fever. It is caused by Bartonella henselae, less frequently by B. clarridgeiae, and is transmitted to humans by scratches or bites from cats and dogs. Up to now, only a handful of cases have been reported in Korea. However, the number of pet cats and dogs is increasing in Korea and thus more frequent human contact with cats and dogs is expected. We present a case of cat-scratch disease diagnosed by indirect immunofluorescence assay and analysis of polymerase chain reaction results, and twenty a literature review of Bartonella infections in humans and animals in Korea.
Animals ; Bartonella ; Bartonella henselae ; Bartonella Infections ; Bites and Stings ; Cat-Scratch Disease ; Cats ; Dogs ; Fever ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Hand ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymphadenitis ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Polymerase Chain Reaction