The delayed adjustable strabismus surgery may be desirable because the angle of strabismus can be changed after the strabismus surgery. We have studied the effect of 2% cyclosporin A on the delayed adjustable strabismus surgery in rabbits. Two percent cyclosporin A was soaked for 5 minutes for group 4 and 10 minutes for group 5 between the conjunctiva and sclera during the adjustable strabismus surgery on the eyes of New Zealand white rabbits. The eyes in group 1 received only adjustable strabismus surgery, and those in group 2 and 3 received the surgery including 5 minutes and 10 minutes soaking with castor oil, respectively. We evaluated the time of adjustability and measured the traction force and length during adjustment after the adjustable strabismus surgery. We could adjust in all of the 6 eyes in group 4 and 5 two weeks after the surgery. At 1 week, the traction forces were 30.7+/-14.0 (mean+/-SD), 42.0+/-39.6, 31.7+/-7.5, 24.0+/-7.5, and 21.8+/-6.0 gm in group 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The forces in group 4 and 5 were not significantly different from those in group 1, 2, and 3. At 2 weeks, the degrees of adhesion between the conjunctiva and superior rectus muscle, and those between the muscle and sclera were significantly lower in group 4 and 5 than those in group 1, 2, and 3. These results suggest that 2% cyclosporin A soaking is useful to obtain the better results due to the delayed adjustment by decreasing the adhesion around the muscle (J KoreanOphthalmol Soc 41:2115~2123, 2000).
Castor Oil ; Conjunctiva ; Cyclosporine* ; Rabbits* ; Sclera ; Strabismus* ; Traction

Bio-based polyamides are environment-friendly polymers. The precursors of bio-based polyamides come from bio-based materials such as castor oil, glucose and animal oil. Bio-based polyamides precursors include bio-based amino acids, bio-based lactams, bio-based diprotic acid and bio-based diamines. In this paper, we discussed the route of the precursors of bio-based polyamides that come from bio-based materials. We discussed the properties of bio-based polyamides. Bio-based PA11and bio-based PA1010 are well-known bio-based polyamides; we discussed the origin materials of the precursors, the route of manufacturing bio-based PA11 and PA1010, and their modifications status. The variety, classification and commercial production of bio-based polyamides were described in details, as well as bio-based polyamides development in China.
Animals ; Biotechnology ; Castor Oil ; China ; Glucose ; Nylons ; chemistry ; Polymers

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety as well as maternal and fetal outcome of intracervical Foley catheter balloon versus oxytocin infusion as pre-induction cervical ripening agents in live term pregnancies with unfavorable cervices.
METHODS: Forty-two patients who fulfilled the induction criteria were randomized to 2 groups. Group 1= intracervical balloon catheter and Group 2= oxytocin infusion. Both groups were compared as to: insertion/infusion to active phase interval, induction to delivery interval, uterine hyperstimulation, pain intensity, delivery and fetal outcome. Analysis of data collected was done using Indepedent T-test.
RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed no significant difference as to insertion/infusion to active phase interval (p 0.814) and induction to delivery interval (p 0.264) between the balloon and oxytocin groups. By percentage comparison, both groups have comparable results in the mode of delivery, likelihood of cesarean section and good fetal outcome. Statistical significance was observed with regards to absence of uterine hyperstimulation (p 0.036) and absence of pain (p 0.000) in favor of the balloon group.
CONCLUSION: By percentage comparison, intracervical Foley catheter balloon and oxytocin were both effective and safe in achieving cervical dilatation. The Foley catheter showed statistical significance in terms of absence of uterine hyperstimulation and pain. Foley catheter is readily available and affordable. It may be considered as a good alternative to oxytocin.

Human ; Female ; Catheters ; Cervical Ripening ; Oxytocin ; Misoprostol ; Dinoprostone ; Laminaria ; Cervix Uteri ; Pregnancy ; Consensus ; Castor Oil

Tacrolimus and cyclosporine have been used in various formulations, but their hypersensitivity reactions are rare in practice. Castor oil derivatives are nonionic surfactants used in aqueous preparations of hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients. Castor oil derivatives that can be used as additives to tacrolimus and cyclosporine may play a role in the development of hypersensitivity reactions, especially anaphylaxis. Various immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms have been implicated in hypersensitivity reactions induced by castor oil derivatives. Physicians should be aware that not only the drug itself, but also its additives or metabolites could induce hypersensitivity reactions. We report a case of anaphylaxis caused by vitamin K (phytonadine), serotonin antagonist (granisetron), intravenous tacrolimus, and cyclosporine. Interestingly, the patient tolerated oral cyclosporine, which did not contain Cremophor EL or polysorbate 80.
Anaphylaxis ; Castor Oil ; Cyclosporine ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Polysorbates ; Serotonin ; Surface-Active Agents ; Tacrolimus ; Vitamin K

With the continuous exploration of microemulsions as solvents for traditional Chinese medicine extraction, polyoxyethy-lene(35) castor oil(CrEL), a commonly used surfactant, is being utilized by researchers. However, the problem of detecting residues of this surfactant in microemulsion extracts has greatly hampered the further development of microemulsion solvents. Based on the chemical structures of the components in CrEL and the content determination method of castor oil in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Vol. Ⅳ), this study employed gas chromatography(GC) and single-factor experiments to optimize the preparation method of methyl ricinoleate from CrEL. The conversion coefficient between the two was validated, and the optimal sample preparation method was used to process microemulsion extracts of Zexie Decoction from three batches. The content of methyl ricinoleate generated was determined, and the content of CrEL in the microemulsion extracts of Zexie Decoction was calculated using the above conversion coefficient. The results showed that the optimal preparation method for CrEL was determined. Specifically, 10 mL of 1 mol·L~(-1) KOH-methanol solution was heated at 60 ℃ for 15 min in a water bath. Subsequently, 10 mL of boron trifluoride etherate-methanol(1∶3) solution was heated at 60 ℃ for 15 min in a water bath, followed by extraction with n-hexane twice. CrEL could stably produce 20.84% methyl ricinoleate. According to this conversion coefficient, the average mass concentration of CrEL in the three batches of Zexie Decoction microemulsion extracts was 11.94 mg·mL~(-1), which was not significantly different from the CrEL mass concentration of 11.57 mg·mL~(-1) during microemulsion formulation, indicating that the established content determination method of this study was highly accurate, sensitive, and repeatable. It can be used for subsequent research on microemulsion extracts of Zexie Decoction and provide a reference for quality control of other drug formulations containing CrEL.
Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry* ; Castor Oil ; Methanol ; Surface-Active Agents/chemistry* ; Solvents ; Water/chemistry* ; Emulsions/chemistry*

Intravenous urography is very important in the detection of pathological conditions of the urinary tract, but the presence of intestinal gas shadows may be very confusing in the interpretation of urograms. There is considerable difference of opinion regarding the desirability of preparing patients for excretory urography. we obtained clinical impression and statistical results that intestinal gas was increased with prolonged duration after last diarrhea, also with sleeping after last diarrhea. So we attempted one new method of preparation in which employed 30cc, of castor oil for catharsis two times at night before examination and next morning 6:00 a. m. and result was compared with other methods. A total of 300 cases, for the most in-patients, consisted of 6 groups, were studied in this report. All patients had nothing by mouth after midnight until the X-rays were completed and pyelograms usually were taken in the morning. Following methods of preparation were studied. Group 1 : 60 cc. castor oil at bed time. Group 2 : 60 cc. castor oil at 4:00 a. m. Group 3 : 30 cc. castor oil at bed time and 30 cc. at 6:00 a. m. Group 4 : 60 cc. castor oil at bed time and enema in the morning. Group 5 : No cathartics and enema. Group 6 : Dulcolax 2 tablets at bed time. The X-ray films were graded as A) excellent B) good C) fair D) poor by three or more examiners. Group 3. afforded best result. We believed that result was due to prevention of intestinal fermentation by ingestion of castor oil at bed time and passage of swallowed air before X-ray examination by repeated ingestion at 6:00 a. m. A larger series of cases over a longer period of time, for more accurate statistical study, is warranted.
Bisacodyl ; Castor Oil ; Catharsis ; Cathartics ; Diarrhea ; Eating ; Enema ; Fermentation ; Humans ; Mouth ; Statistics as Topic ; Tablets ; Urinary Tract ; Urography* ; X-Ray Film

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antidiarrheal effect of ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch root (GFR) in vivo and jejunal contraction in vitro. METHODS: In vivo, 50 mice were divided into negative control, positive control (verapamil), low-, medium- and high-dose GFR (250, 500, 1,000 mg/kg) groups by a random number table, 10 mice in each group. The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in castor oil-induced diarrhea mice model by evacuation index (EI). In vitro, the effects of GFR (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 g/L) on the spontaneous contraction of isolated smooth muscle of rabbit jejunum and contraction of pretreated by Acetylcholine (ACh, 10 µmol/L) and KCl (60 mmol/L) were observed for 200 s. In addition, CaCl₂ was accumulated to further study its mechanism after pretreating jejunal smooth muscle with GFR (1 and 3 g/L) or verapamil (0.03 and 0.1 µmol/L) in a Ca²⁺-free-high-K⁺ solution containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). RESULTS: GFR (500 and 1,000 mg/kg) significantly reduced EI in castor oil-induced diarrhea model mice (P<0.01). Meanwhile, GFR (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 g/L) inhibited the spontaneous contraction of rabbit jejunum (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Contraction of jejunums samples pretreated by ACh and KCl with 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) values was 1.05 (0.71-1.24), 0.34 (0.29-0.41) and 0.15 (0.11-0.20) g/L, respectively. In addition, GFR moved the concentration-effect curve of CaCl₂ down to the right, showing a similar effect to verapamil. CONCLUSIONS GFR can effectively against diarrhea and inhibit intestinal contraction, and these antidiarrheal effects may be based on blocking L-type Ca²⁺ channels and muscarinic receptors.
Mice ; Rabbits ; Animals ; Antidiarrheals/adverse effects* ; Jejunum ; Glycyrrhiza uralensis ; Castor Oil/adverse effects* ; Calcium Chloride/adverse effects* ; Diarrhea/drug therapy* ; Plant Extracts/adverse effects* ; Verapamil/adverse effects* ; Muscle Contraction

OBJECTIVETo prepare a sustained-release formulation of traditional Chinese medicine compound recipe by adopting time-controlled release techniques.

METHODShuxiong tablets were chosen as model drug. The prescription and technique of core tablets were formulated with selecting disintegrating time and swelling volume of core tablets in water as index. The time-controlled release tablets were prepared by adopting press-coated techniques, using PEG6000, HCO and EVA as coating materials. The influences of compositions, preparation process and dissolution conditions in vitro on the lag time (T(lag)) of drug release were investigated.

RESULTThe composition of core tablets was as follow: 30% of drug, 50% MCC and 20% CMS-Na. The T(lag) of time-controlled release tablets was altered remarkably by PEG6000 content of the outer layer, the amount of outer layer and hardness of tablet. The viscosity of dissolution media and basket rotation had less influence on the T(lag) but more on rate of drug release.

CONCLUSIONThe core tablets pressed with the optimized composition had preferable swelling and disintegrating properties. The shuxiong sustained-release formulations which contained core tablet and two kinds of time-controlled release tablets with 3 h and 6 h of T(lag) could release drug successively at 0 h, 3 h and 6 h in vitro. The technique made it possible that various components with extremely different physicochemical properties in these preparations could release synchronously.

Carthamus tinctorius ; chemistry ; Castor Oil ; analogs & derivatives ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Combinations ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Hardness ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ligusticum ; chemistry ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Povidone ; analogs & derivatives ; Tablets