OBJECTIVETo investigate the apoptosis of J774A.1 cells induced by Leptospira interrogans and the effect of caspase-3, -6 activation on the apoptosis.

METHODSMouse monocyte-macrophage like cell line J774A.1 was infected by L.interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar icterohaemorrhagiae Lai strain 56601. The apoptosis or necrosis of infected cells was examined by flow cytometry using fluorescein labeling FITC-Annexin V/PI. The activity of caspase-3, -6, and their cleaved substrates PARP and Lamin A/C were measured by fluorometry and Western Blotting, respectively.

RESULTL. interrogans strain Lai was able to induce apoptosis of J774A.1 cells and the maximal apoptotic rate was(48.81+/-5.95)% when microbe: cell ratio was 100: 1. The maximal activities of caspase-3 and -6 in the infected J774A.1 cells were (1453.41+/-36.07) and (618.65+/-39.82) FU, respectively, which were 16.38- and 9.98-fold of those uninfected cells. PARP and Lamin A/C in the infected cells were detected. Caspase-3 and -6 inhibitors remarkably blocked the L. interrogans-induced apoptosis in J774A.1 cells.

CONCLUSIONL. interrogans is able to induce the apoptosis of J774A.1 cells and intracellular caspase-3 and -6 are closely associated with the apoptosis.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Caspase 6 ; metabolism ; Cell Line ; Leptospira interrogans ; pathogenicity ; Macrophages ; enzymology ; microbiology ; pathology ; Mice

OBJECTIVETo explore the inhibition of Jumi (traditional Chinese medicine) extraction on the growth of human cervical cancer cell line HeLa.

METHODSNude mouse model of human cervical cancer HeLa cell transplantation was established. The nude mice bearing cancer were randomly divided into control group and Jumi treated groups with different concentration (0.001, 0.002, 0.005, 0.01 mg/ml). The growth of cervical cancer cell in experimental mice were measured. Cultured HeLa cells were incubated in culture media with or without Jumi extract for 48 hours. Cell proliferation rate, cell apoptosis, caspase-3/7 and caspase-6 activity were determined by MTT colorimetric assay, flow cytometry analysis and spectrophotometric detection, respectively.

RESULTSWith the increase of the concentration of Jumi extract, tumor-bearing mice tumor inhibition rate gradually increased. The proliferation of cultured HeLa cells were significantly inhibited by Jumi extract in a dose-dependent manner. IC50 was 0.004 mg/ml. Apoptosis rates in the cells treated with Jumi extract were higher than those of the control group. Compared with the control group, except for lower Jumi treated group (0.001 mg/ml), caspase-3/7 and caspase-6 activity were significantly increased in the all Jumi treated groups.

CONCLUSIONJumi extract can inhibit the proliferation of human cervical cancer cell line HeLa in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and promote cell apoptosis through caspase-3, caspase-7 and caspase-6 pathway.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Caspase 6 ; metabolism ; Caspase 7 ; metabolism ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Chrysanthemum ; Female ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

AIMTo study the effects of caspases on cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell apoptosis induced by hypoxia in vitro.

METHODSThe cultured bovine cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells were exposed to NaCN in glucose-free medium. Cell viability was determined by trypan blue staining. Cell apoptosis was defined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry. The expression of caspase-3 was detected by immunocytochemical method. Four caspase inhibitors were used to validate the effect of caspases on cell apoptosis.

RESULTSNaCN in glucose-free medium initiated cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell injury markedly and typical apoptotic cells were found in this model. The expression of caspase-3 increased significantly. Four caspase inhibitors decreased the number of injured cells. Selective inhibitor of caspase-1 and -6 reduced expression of caspase-3 significantly.

CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that caspases family plays an important role in cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell apoptosis induced by NaCN and caspase-3 acts on the downstream of caspase-1 and -6 in protease cascade action to induce apoptosis.

Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Brain ; blood supply ; Caspase 3 ; Caspase 6 ; Caspase Inhibitors ; Caspases ; metabolism ; Cattle ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Microcirculation ; cytology ; Oligopeptides ; pharmacology ; Sodium Cyanide ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of Attractin (Atrn) silence on the anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic abilities of TM4 Sertoli cells and its influence on the expressions of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and caspase6 in the cells.

METHODSWe observed the apoptotic indexes of TM4 Sertoli cells with normal expression (control), partial deletion, and complete deletion of the Atrn gene (psiRNA-TM4, psiAtrn-TM4, and mu-SC). We determined the mRNA and protein expressions of SOD and caspase6 by Q-PCR and Western blot, measured the SOD activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contentby spectrophotometry, and detected the apoptotic index of the cells by TUNEL.

RESULTSCompared with psiRNA-TM4, after inhibition of the Atrn expression, the Sertoli cells in the psiAtrn-TM4 and mu-SCgroups showed significantly decreased expressions ofSOD mRNA (70.76% and 92.58%) and protein (65.11% and 71.0%) (both P < 0.05). The levels of caspase 6 mRNA and protein were increased 5.28 and 3.40 times in the psiAtrn-TM4 and 2.97 and 2.50 times in the mu-SCgroup as compared with the normal control (both P < 0.05). Atrn deletion markedly increased the apoptotic indexes of the cells in the psiAtrn-TM4 and mu-SC groups by 16.22% and 22.03% (P < 0.05) and reduced the activity of SOD by 23.00% and 39.37% (P < 0.05); it also elevated the level of MDA by 155.22% (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe Atrn gene exerts influence on the function of Sertoli cells in multiple ways, in which antioxidative stress and apoptosis regulation may play an important role.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Caspase 6 ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Gene Deletion ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Mice ; Oxidative Stress ; Sertoli Cells ; metabolism ; pathology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of caspase-6 in rat skin contusion and its surrounding areas during repairment. METHODS: Immunohistochemical SP method and Western blot technique were used to study the expression and activation of caspase-6 in rat skin contusion and its surrounding areas. RESULTS: Weak expression of caspase-6 was detected in cytoplasms of polymorphonuchear cells (PMNs) infiltrated in the injured area at 3 hours post-contusion. The ratio of the caspase-6 positive cells was low (25.78 +/- 1.38)%. The expression of caspase-6 was increased prominently (47.70 +/- 5.14)% at 12 hours post-contusion. Almost all of the PMNs, mononuclear cells (MNCs) and fibroblastic cells (FBCs) were caspase-6 positive with both cytoplasm and nucleus staining (54.58 +/- 5.64)% on post-contusion day 3. The expression of caspase-6 decreased gradually thereafter. The expression of the 34-kDa pro-caspase-6 was detected by Western blot in both control and the post-contusion groups with time dependent dynamics. CONCLUSION These results suggest that caspase-6 may play a major role in trauma-induced inflammatory response. Since caspase-6 shows a timely dependent expression in PMNs, MNCs and FBCs during skin injury repair in rat, it may be used as a marker for the contusion age determination,
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Caspase 6/metabolism* ; Contusions/pathology* ; Fibroblasts/metabolism* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Monocytes/metabolism* ; Neutrophils/metabolism* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin/pathology* ; Time Factors ; Wound Healing

In the present study, a newly synthesized benzofuran lignan 4-formyl-2-(4-hydroxy-3methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxycarbonyethyl)-7-methoxy-benzo [b] furan (ERJT-12) was tested for its antiproliferative activity on human tumor cells. The related mechanisms were also investigated. In vitro growth inhibitory effects of ERJT-12 on various cancer cell lines were determined by MTT assay. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. The integrity of DNA was assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Activation of Caspase-3/7 and Caspase-6 was measured by colorimetric assay. The expressions of cell cycle proteins cell divide cycle 25c (Cdc25c), cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), CyclinB1 and apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by Western blotting. MTT assay showed that ERJT-12 inhibited the proliferation of several cancer cell lines including multidrug resistant cells. MCF-7 cells were markedly arrested at gap2/mitosis (G2/M) phase after treatment with ERJT-12 and progressed into apoptosis. The increased activities of Caspase-3/7 and Caspase-6 in MCF-7 cells were observed. The expression of CyclinB1 was down-regulated. The activities of Cdc25c and CDK1 protein were suppressed and Bcl-2 protein was phosphorylated. ERJT-12 displays potent antiproliferative activity towards cancer cells through suppressing cell cycle proteins, arresting cell cycle at G2/M phase and inducing apoptosis. It might be a novel candidate for cancer therapy.
Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Benzofurans ; pharmacology ; CDC2 Protein Kinase ; metabolism ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Caspase 6 ; metabolism ; Caspase 7 ; metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; metabolism ; Cell Division ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cyclin B ; metabolism ; Cyclin B1 ; G2 Phase ; drug effects ; Humans ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; metabolism ; cdc25 Phosphatases ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo examine the effect of phloretin on apoptosis of BEL-7402 cells.

METHODSThe viability changes of BEL- 7402 cells as a result of phloretin-induced toxicity were analyzed using MTT assay, and the cell morphology changes were observed with fluorescence microscope. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential changes, and chromogenic substrate assay performed to detect caspase activity.

RESULTSPhloretin induced obvious cytotoxicity against BEL-7402 cells with IC50 of 89.23 microg/mL. The growth curve demonstrated decreased growth of the cells as phloretin concentration increased. Cell apoptosis occurred 24 h after treatment with 40-160 microg/mL phloretin. Morphological, the cells exposed to phloretin exhibited nuclear chromatin condensation and increased fluorescence intensity. The activity of caspase-9 reached the peak level 12 h after phloretin exposure, and leak levels of caspase-6 and caspase-3 activities occurred 18 and 24 h after the exposure, respectively.

CONCLUSIONPhloretin can induce BEL-7402 cell apoptosis though the mitochondrial pathway.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Caspase 6 ; metabolism ; Caspase 9 ; metabolism ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; drug effects ; Phloretin ; pharmacology

This study explores the effect of total flavonoids of Rhododendra simsii(TFR) on middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)-induced cerebral injury in rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R) injury in PC12 cells and the underlying mechanism. The MCAO method was used to induce focal ischemic cerebral injury in rats. Male SD rats were randomized into sham group, model group, and TFR group. After MCAO, TFR(60 mg·kg~(-1)) was administered for 3 days. The content of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1(IL-1), and interleukin-6(IL-6) in serum was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The pathological changes of brain tissue and cerebral infarction were observed based on hematoxylin and eosin(HE) staining and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC) staining. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of calcium release-activated calcium channel modulator 1(ORAI1), stromal interaction molecule 1(STIM1), stromal intera-ction molecule 2(STIM2), protein kinase B(PKB), and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3(caspase-3) in brain tissues. The OGD/R method was employed to induce injury in PC12 cells. Cells were randomized into the normal group, model group, gene silencing group, TFR(30 μg·mL~(-1)) group, and TFR(30 μg·mL~(-1))+gene overexpression plasmid group. Intracellular Ca~(2+) concentration and apoptosis rate of PC12 cells were measured by laser scanning confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The effect of STIM-ORAI-regulated store-operated calcium entry(SOCE) pathway on TFR was explored based on gene silencing and gene overexpression techniques. The results showed that TFR significantly alleviated the histopathological damage of brains in MCAO rats after 3 days of admini-stration, reduced the contents of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in the serum, down-regulated the expression of ORAI1, STIM1, STIM2, and caspase-3 genes, and up-regulated the expression of PKB gene in brain tissues of MCAO rats. TFR significantly decreased OGD/R induced Ca~(2+) overload and apoptosis in PC12 cells. However, it induced TFR-like effect by ORAI1, STIM1 and STIM2 genes silencing. However, overexpression of these genes significantly blocked the effect of TFR in reducing Ca~(2+) overload and apoptosis in PC12 cells. In summary, in the early stage of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and OGD/R-induced injury in PC12 cells TFR attenuates ischemic brain injury by inhibiting the STIM-ORAI-regulated SOCE pathway and reducing Ca~(2+) overload and inflammatory factor expression, and apoptosis.
Animals ; Male ; Rats ; Apoptosis ; Brain Ischemia/metabolism* ; Caspase 3 ; Interleukin-1 ; Interleukin-6 ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury/metabolism* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics* ; Flavonoids/pharmacology* ; Rhododendron/chemistry*

Objective: To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) on lung injury caused by Paraquat intoxicated mice. Methods: Eighty clean male BALB/C mice were selected and averagely divided forty mice into 4 groups with 10 mice in each group, PQ group was given 25% PQ solution (60 mg/kg) by one-time gavage. PQ+NR group were intraperitoneally injected with NR solution (300 mg/kg) 1 hour before given the same amount of PQ solution (60 mg/kg) by one-time gavage, The Control group were given the same amount of saline by one-time gavage, The same amount of NR was intraperitoneally injected before NR group were given saline by one-time gavage. Observed and recorded general condition of PQ intoxicated mice. Observed and recorded the death of mice every half an hour and counted the mortality and drew survival curve of each group after 72 hours exposure. another forty mice were averagely divided and treated by the same way. After 24 hours of modelling, mice were anaesthetized and killed. Then blood was extracted after eyeball was removed. The changes of TNF-a、IL-6 and MPO in serum of mice were detected by ELISA.Two lung tissues were removed from the chest and used to measure the D/W ratio of the lung. The pathological changes of lung were observed and scored under light microscope.The levels of SOD, MDA and Caspase-3 in lung tissues were determined by chemical colorimetry. The expression of Sirt1 and Nrf2 in lung tissues was detected by Western-blot. Results: Compared with the Control group and the NR group, the mice in the PQ group had a poor general condition, such as depression, crouching, skin disorder and reduced activity, food, urine and feces. The symptoms in the PQ+NR group were reduced compared with the PQ group. The survival rate at 72 hours after exposure: 80% in the PQ+NR group and 40% higher than that in the PQ group (P=0.029) . Compared with Control group and NR group, the D/W ratio (0.09±0.07) , lung pathology score under light microscope (11.80±0.37) , TNF-a (39.89±1.48) pg/ml、IL-6 (77.29±2.38) pg/ml、MPO (0.31±0.01) μg/ml、SOD (6.62±0.30) U/mgprot、MDA level (1.21±0.14) mmol/mgprot, Caspase-3 activity (356.00± 27.16) %, Sirt1 and Nrf2 protein expression (1.02±0.14、0.82±0.06) were significantly decreased in PQ group (P=0.004、0.023) ; Compared with PQ group, PQ+NR group significantly increased the D/W ratio (0.10±0.10) , decreased the pulmonary pathology score under light microscope (7.400.51) , decreased TNF-a (33.00± 0.65) pg/ml、IL-6 (52.23±4.23) pg/ml、MPO leve (0.23±0.01) μg/mll, increased SOD leve (9.28±0.45) U/mgprotl, decreased MDA level (0.78±0.02) mmol/mgprot, decreased Caspase-3 activity (222.80±7.59) %, and increased the protein expressions of Sirt1 and Nrf2 (1.62±0.16、1.06±0.04) (P=0.048、0.035) . Conclusion: NR can prolong the survival time of PQ poisoned mice; NR intervention can effectively inhibit the inflammatory response, peroxidation injury and apoptosis of PQ poisoned mice; NR intervention can upregulate the expression of Sirt1 and Nrf2 protein and effectively reduce the lung injury of PQ poisoning.
Animals ; Caspase 3/metabolism* ; Interleukin-6/metabolism* ; Lung ; Lung Injury/metabolism* ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism* ; Niacinamide/pharmacology* ; Paraquat/toxicity* ; Pyridinium Compounds/pharmacology* ; Sirtuin 1/metabolism* ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism*

Objective To investigate the effects of formononetin (FMN) on cognitive behavior and inflammation in aging rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Methods SD rats aged about 70 weeks were divided into healthy control group, CUMS model group, CUMS combined with 10 mg/kg FMN group, CUMS combined with 20 mg/kg FMN group and CUMS combined with 1.8 mg/kg fluoxetine hydrochloride (Flu) group. Except for healthy control group, other groups were stimulated with CUMS and administered drugs for 28 days. Sugar water preference, forced swimming experiment and open field experiment were used to observe the emotional behavior of rats in each group. HE staining was used to observe the pathological injury degree of brain equine area. The contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were detected by the kit. The apoptosis was tested by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) in the brain tissue. The levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in peripheral blood were measured by ELISA. Western blot analysis was used to detect Bcl2, Bcl2 associated X protein (BAX), cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and phosphorylated nuclear factor κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65) in brain tissues. Results Compared with CUMS model group, sugar water consumption, open field activity time, open field travel distance and swimming activity time significantly increased in the CUMS combined with 20 mg/kg FMN group and the CUMS combined with 1.8 mg/kg Flu group. The number of new outarm entry increased significantly, while the number of initial arm entry and other arm entry decreased significantly. The pathological damage of brain equine area was alleviated, and the contents of 5-HT and 5-HIAA were significantly increased. The ratio of BAX/Bcl2 and the expression of cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3 protein as well as the number of apoptotic cells were significantly decreased. The contents of TNF-α, iNOS and IL-6 were significantly decreased. The protein levels of TLR4, MyD88 and p-NF-κB p65 were significantly decreased. Conclusion FMN can inhibit the release of inflammatory factors by blocking NF-κB pathway and improve cognitive and behavioral ability of CUMS aged rats.
Rats ; Animals ; Horses ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism* ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism* ; Caspase 3/metabolism* ; Caspase 9/metabolism* ; Interleukin-6/metabolism* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/pharmacology* ; Serotonin/metabolism* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Hippocampus/metabolism* ; Cognition