No abstract available.
Caribbean Region* ; Learning* ; Schools, Medical* ; Netherlands

No abstract available.
Caribbean Region* ; Curriculum* ; Schools, Medical* ; Netherlands

Tungiasis is an ectoparasitic disease that is caused by the penetration of Tunga penetrans into the epidermis of the host. Tungiasis is indigenous to South Americaand the Caribbean regions, but it has spread to Latin America, India, and sub-Saharan Africa. The area of soft skin such as the soles, toes, webs and subungual regions are the favored sites for sand flea embedding. As the flea enlarges within epidermis a pruritic, painful white or erythematous papulonodule develops. A black central punctum is characteristic. A 32-year-old woman presented with a small black crust on the right sole after traveling to an endemic area(Congo). Histopathologic examination revealed the internal organs of the arthropod embedded intothe epidermis, which allowed a definitive diagnosis of tungiasis. Although tungiasis is common in endemic areas, there has been no report of tungiasis in the Korean literature. We report herein an interesting case of tungiasis in a patient after traveling to Congo.
Adult ; Africa South of the Sahara ; Arthropods ; Caribbean Region ; Congo ; Epidermis ; Female ; Humans ; India ; Latin America ; Siphonaptera ; Skin ; Toes ; Tunga ; Tungiasis

PURPOSE: Xavier University School of Medicine adopted an integrated, organ system-based curriculum in January 2013. The present study was aimed at determining students' perceptions of the integrated curriculum and related assessment methods. METHODS: The study was conducted on first- to fourth-semester undergraduate medical students during March 2014. The students were informed of the study and subsequently invited to participate. Focus group discussions were conducted. The curriculum's level of integration, different courses offered, teaching-learning methods employed, and the advantages and concerns relating to the curriculum were noted. The respondents also provided feedback about the assessment methods used. Deductive content analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Twenty-two of the 68 students (32.2%) participated in the study. The respondents expressed generally positive opinions. They felt that the curriculum prepared them well for licensing examinations and future practice. Problem-based learning sessions encouraged active learning and group work among students, thus, improving their understanding of the course material. The respondents felt that certain subjects were allocated a larger proportion of time during the sessions, as well as more questions during the integrated assessment. They also expressed an appreciation for medical humanities, and felt that sessions on the appraisal of literature needed modification. Their opinions about assessment of behavior, attitudes, and professionalism varied. CONCLUSION: Student opinion was positive, overall. Our findings would be of interest to other medical schools that have recently adopted an integrated curriculum or are in the process of doing so.
Caribbean Region* ; Curriculum* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Focus Groups ; Humanities ; Humans ; Licensure ; Problem-Based Learning ; Schools, Medical* ; Students, Medical ; Netherlands

OBJECTIVES: Zika virus currently poses a global threat and is a major public health issue throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. However, Zika virus infections in humans have also been observed in other regions, including Southeast Asia, where arboviral diseases are very common. In this study, we summarize the current status of Zika virus in Southeast Asia. This review aims to provide an overview of the current situation and also to suggest ways of adequately managing the emergence of Zika virus in Southeast Asia. METHODS: The literature searching for the reports on Zika virus in Southeast Asia was done using standard database PubMed and the re-analysis and summarization on the reports was done. RESULTS: A limited number of reports have addressed Zika virus disease in Southeast Asia, but it is has been confirmed that a problem already exists. Individual case reports and outbreaks of Zika virus have been confirmed in Southeast Asia. Several reports have also described patients becoming infected after visiting Southeast Asia. In addition, the concurrent circulation of Zika virus with other arboviruses has been confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: As a tropical region with a high prevalence of arboviral diseases, the emergence of Zika virus in Southeast Asia is a major concern. It is essential for local medical personnel to recognize this disease. Given the status of Southeast Asia as a globally important tourist destination, continuous updates on the status of Zika virus in Southeast Asia are required and should be incorporated into global health advisories regarding travel.
Arboviruses ; Asia, Southeastern* ; Caribbean Region ; Disease Outbreaks ; Global Health ; Humans ; Latin America ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Zika Virus Infection ; Zika Virus*

PURPOSE: The Tutorial Group Effectiveness Instrument was developed to provide objective information on the effectiveness of small groups. Student perception of small group effectiveness during the problem base learning (PBL) process has not been previously studied in Xavier University School of Medicine (Aruba, Kingdom of the Netherlands); hence, the present study was carried out. METHODS: The study was conducted among second and third semester undergraduate medical students during the last week of September 2013, at Xavier University School of Medicine of the Netherlands. Students were informed about the objectives of the study and invited to participate after obtaining written, informed consent. Demographic information like gender, age, nationality, and whether the respondent had been exposed to PBL before joining the institution was noted. Student perception about small group effectiveness was studied by noting their degree of agreement with a set of 19 statements using a Likert-type scale. RESULTS: Thirty-four of the 37 (91.9%) second and third semester medical students participated in the study. The mean cognitive score was 3.76 while the mean motivational and de-motivational scores were 3.65 and 2.51, respectively. The median cognitive category score was 27 (maximum score 35) while the motivation score was 26 (maximum score 35) and the de-motivational score was 12 (maximum score25). There was no significant difference in scores according to respondents' demographic characteristics. CONCLUSION: Student perception about small group effectiveness was positive. Since most medical schools worldwide already have or are introducing PBL as a learning modality, the Tutorial Group Effectiveness Instrument can provide valuable information about small group functioning during PBL sessions.
Caribbean Region* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education, Medical ; Educational Measurement ; Ethnic Groups ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Learning ; Motivation ; Netherlands ; Problem-Based Learning* ; Program Evaluation ; Schools, Medical ; Students, Medical

OBJECTIVES: Zika virus, which was first discovered in 1947, has become a global threat to human health as it is rapidly spreading through Latin America, the Caribbean, the US and Asia, after causing a large outbreak in the Northeast region of Brazil in 2015. There is ample evidence to support that Zika virus is associated with neurological complications such as microcephaly. The review aims to provide an overview on the complex issues involved in the emergence of Zika virus's neurological disorders and to discuss possible explanations of Zika virus introduction and dissemination in Brazil. We also suggest national and global strategies to adequately respond to the Zika virus emergence. METHODS: We provide an analytical evaluation of the main issues related to the Zika outbreak in Brazil, based on available scientific literature, including government documents, and on epidemiological information from national surveillance databases. RESULTS: The studies on the clinical manifestations of the Zika virus infection coupled with the epidemiological surveillance information in Brazil have provided significant evidence that the Zika virus is associated with neurological disorders such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Based on phylogenetic and molecular analysis, the hypothesis regarding the introduction of Zika virus in the country is that it took place following international events in 2013 and 2014, when many foreign visitors could have brought Zika virus into Brazil. The immunologically naïve status of populations in the Americas, previous infection with dengue virus, and the increased activity of Aedes aegypti might be the contributing factors for such an outbreak in Brazil. The Zika virus emergence emphasized the importance of cross-disciplinary perspective. Besides the scientific-based vector control strategies, it is important to understand the nature of the evolutionary processes involved in the viral evolution in complex ecosystems and to have social and anthropological knowledge on the conditions related to the spread of the disease in order to properly respond to the spread of the Zika virus. CONCLUSIONS: The experiences of Brazil have demonstrated the significance of multi-disciplinary approach in response to new and resurgent arboviral diseases and provided important lessons that could be applied to other developing countries.
Aedes ; Americas ; Asia ; Brazil* ; Caribbean Region ; Dengue Virus ; Developing Countries ; Ecosystem ; Epidemiology ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome ; Humans ; Latin America ; Microcephaly ; Nervous System Diseases ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection

Dengue fever/dengue shock syndrome is an acute febrile illness caused by a Flaviviridae virus. Dengue virus infection can cause a wide spectrum of illness, and disease is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, chill, severe headache, skin rash, general malaise and thrombocytopenia with hemoconcentration. Dengue fever is endemic in most tropical areas of world, including the Caribbean, Central and South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Tourists to these areas are liable to infection. We experienced a Korean female who returned to Korea from Myanmar in severely ill state. She was confirmed serologically to be inblieted with Dengue shock syndrome. In spite of intensive medical care, she died of Dengue shock syndrome. We emphasize that favorable prognosis depends mainly on the early recognition and treatment of shock.
Africa ; Asia, Southeastern ; Caribbean Region ; Dengue Virus ; Dengue* ; Exanthema ; Female ; Fever ; Flaviviridae ; Headache ; Humans ; Korea ; Myanmar* ; Prognosis ; Severe Dengue* ; Shock ; South America ; Thrombocytopenia

Dengue fever/dengue shock syndrome is an acute febrile illness caused by a Flaviviridae virus. Dengue virus infection can cause a wide spectrum of illness, and disease is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, chill, severe headache, skin rash, general malaise and thrombocytopenia with hemoconcentration. Dengue fever is endemic in most tropical areas of world, including the Caribbean, Central and South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Tourists to these areas are liable to infection. We experienced a Korean female who returned to Korea from Myanmar in severely ill state. She was confirmed serologically to be inblieted with Dengue shock syndrome. In spite of intensive medical care, she died of Dengue shock syndrome. We emphasize that favorable prognosis depends mainly on the early recognition and treatment of shock.
Africa ; Asia, Southeastern ; Caribbean Region ; Dengue Virus ; Dengue* ; Exanthema ; Female ; Fever ; Flaviviridae ; Headache ; Humans ; Korea ; Myanmar* ; Prognosis ; Severe Dengue* ; Shock ; South America ; Thrombocytopenia

Invasive cancer of the cervix is considered a preventable disease because it has a long preinvasive state, cervical cytology screening programs are currently available, and the treatment of pre-invasive lesions is effective. Cancer of the cervix is the second most common cancer among women worldwide, with an estimated 493,000 new cases and 274,000 deaths in 2002. The highest incidence rates are observed in sub-Saharan Africa, Melanesia, Latin America and the Caribbean, South-Central Asia, and South East Asia. In Korea, cervical cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women with over 3,000 new cases every year. Age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) is 15.5 per 100,000, which is lower than those in developing countries but higher than in western countries such as Europe and North America. The patients' mean parity is 2.59, and the range of age in peak incidence is 40~49 years (29.8%), followed by 50~59 years (21.9%). As the age goes on, more advanced stage cancer is frequent. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cell type, and adenocarcinoma is more frequent among those under 60 years old. Operation (56.0%) is the major treatment modality under stage IIa, and concurrent chemoradiation (31.6%) is the major treatment over stage IIb. The 5year survival rate is 73.9%. It is generally thought that human papillomavirus (HPV) test and HPV vaccine might play an important role in lowering the incidence of cervical cancer, and continuous epidemiologic studies will support its usefulness and efficacy.
Adenocarcinoma ; Africa South of the Sahara ; Asia ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Caribbean Region ; Developing Countries ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Epidemiology* ; Europe ; Far East ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Latin America ; Mass Screening ; Melanesia ; Middle Aged ; North America ; Parity ; Survival Rate ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*