Cardiovascular Diseases ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Clusterin ; metabolism ; physiology ; Humans

OBJECTIVEThis review summarized the current advances in understanding the role of the novel gasotransmitter, sulfur dioxide (SO2), in the cardiovascular system.

DATA SOURCESArticles on the advances in the study of the role of endogenous sulfur dioxide in the cardiovascular system were accessed from PubMed and CNKI from 2003 to 2013, using keywords such as "endogenous sulfur dioxide" and "cardiovascular system".

STUDY SELECTIONArticles with regard to the role of SO2 in the regulation of cardiovascular system were selected.

RESULTSRecently, scientists discovered that an endogenous SO2 pathway is present in the cardiovascular system and exerts physiologically significant effects, such as regulation of the cardiac function and the pathogenesis of various cardiopulmonary diseases such as hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, hypertension, coronary atherosclerosis, and cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, in the cardiovascular system.

CONCLUSIONSEndogenous SO2 is a novel member of the gasotransmitter family in addition to the nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Studies indicated that it has a role in regulating the cardiovascular disease.

Animals ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cardiovascular System ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Sulfur Dioxide ; metabolism

Cardiovascular Diseases ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; metabolism ; Kidney Diseases ; metabolism ; Neoplasms ; Vitamin D ; pharmacology ; physiology

Heart failure (HF) has become a major challenge in the treatment of global cardiovascular diseases. Great progress has been made in the drug treatment of HF, however, rehospitalization rate and mortality of patients with HF are still high. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore new treatment strategy and new underlying pathogenic mechanisms. In recent years, some researchers have suggested that regulation of ketone body metabolism may become a potentially promising therapeutic approach for HF. Some studies showed that the oxidative utilization of fatty acids and glucose was decreased in the failing heart, accompanied by the increase of ketone body oxidative metabolism. The enhancement of ketone body metabolism in HF is a compensatory change during HF. The failing heart preferentially uses ketone body oxidation to provide energy, which helps to improve the body's cardiac function. This review will discuss the potential significance of ketone body metabolism in the treatment of HF from three aspects: normal myocardial ketone body metabolism, the change of ketone body metabolism in HF, the effect of ketogenic therapy on HF and its treatment.
Humans ; Heart Failure/metabolism* ; Myocardium/metabolism* ; Ketone Bodies/metabolism* ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Fatty Acids/metabolism* ; Energy Metabolism

Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Humans

Cardiovascular Diseases ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases

Biomarkers ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipidomics ; Lipids

Adenosine/analogs & derivatives* ; Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics* ; Humans ; Methylation ; RNA/metabolism*

Cardiovascular Diseases ; Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism* ; Humans ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational

The morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are increasing worldwide and seriously threaten human life and health. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a metabolic regulator, regulates glucose and lipid metabolism and may exert beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. In recent years, FGF21 has been found to act directly on the cardiovascular system and may be used as an early biomarker of CVDs. The present review highlights the recent progress in understanding the relationship between FGF21 and CVDs including coronary heart disease, myocardial ischemia, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure and also explores the related mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of FGF21. FGF21 plays an important role in the prediction, treatment, and improvement of prognosis in CVDs. This cardioprotective effect of FGF21 may be achieved by preventing endothelial dysfunction and lipid accumulating, inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and regulating the associated oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy. In conclusion, FGF21 is a promising target for the treatment of CVDs, however, its clinical application requires further clarification of the precise role of FGF21 in CVDs.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Fibroblast Growth Factors ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Oxidative Stress