The heroin abuses can seriously damage human body system, among them the damage of cardiovascular system is various. In this paper those damages involved heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, heart function, blood circulation, the changes of some material inside, and complications of cardiovascular system are reviewed.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology* ; Blood Circulation ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology* ; Death, Sudden/etiology* ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Rate ; Heroin Dependence/physiopathology* ; Humans ; Myocardial Ischemia/etiology*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the roles of cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. METHOD: All 228 OSAHS patients underwent the examination of biochemical and complete blood count. The correlation analysis between AHI, AI, HI, LSaO2, complete blood count, and biochemical examination were employed. Two hundred and twenty-eight cases were divided into 3 groups according to sleep apnea hypopnea index (AHI): group 1 (5 < or = AHI < 15), group 2 (15 < or = AHI < 30), group 3 (30 < or = AHI). Morbidity of diseases in each group was calculated and the value of AHI and AI for morbidity was analyzed by using ROC curve. RESULT: (1) No statistically significant difference was found between group 1 and group 2 (chi2 = 0.428, P > 0.05). There was significant difference between group 3 and group 1, 2 (chi2 = 12.89, P < 0.05). The areas under the ROC curves of AHI and AI were 0. 678 and 0. 679,respectively. (2) There was significant positive correlation between AHI and complete blood count parameters (r = 0.176 to 0.194, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION OSAHS may be one of the predisposing factors of cardiovascular disease.
Adult ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polysomnography ; Risk Factors ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; complications ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Young Adult

Although metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and the development of atherosclerosis, consensus is still lacking on the status of cardiovascular function and geometry in MetS patients. We investigated the relation between MetS and left ventricle (LV) geometry and function, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and arterial stiffness in a community-based cohort of 702 adult subjects. Subjects were categorized into three groups according to the number of MetS components present, as defined by the Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines: 1) Absent (0 criteria), 2) Pre-MetS (1-2 criteria) or 3) MetS (> or =3 criteria). In female subjects, LV mass, LV mass/height(2.7), deceleration time, and aortic pulse wave velocity increased, and E/A ration decreased in a stepwise manner across the three groups. These changes were not observed in male subjects. The mean carotid IMT was higher in the MetS group than in the other two groups. The degree of MetS clustering is found to be strongly correlated with geometric eccentricity of LV hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction and arterial changes irrespective of age and blood pressure status, particularly in females. Waist circumference is found to have the most powerful effect on cardiovascular parameters.
Adult ; Aged ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology/*physiopathology ; Cardiovascular System/pathology/*physiopathology ; Carotid Arteries/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Cohort Studies ; Female ; Heart Ventricles/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/complications/*physiopathology ; Middle Aged ; *Rural Population ; Ventricular Function, Left/physiology

BACKGROUNDWomen with a history of preeclampsia have twice the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and there is a graded relationship between the severity of preeclampsia and the risk of cardiac disease. Moreover, metabolic scores are associated with developing preeclampsia. However, since there are no diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome during pregnancy and pregnant women undergo metabolic changes, it is difficult to elucidate the relationship between preeclampsia and metabolic syndrome. We carried out a cross-sectional study to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and preeclampsia among women with a history of severe preeclampsia shortly after an indexed pregnancy.

METHODSWe recruited 62 women with a history of severe preeclampsia 1 to 3 years after an indexed pregnancy. Blood pressure and body compositional indices were recorded. Fasting blood samples were tested for glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic data including pre-pregnancy weight and family history of diseases associated with cardiovascular diseases. Criteria for metabolic syndrome were defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III 2001 (NCEP III) and International Diabetes Federation 2005 (IDF). Data were analyzed by the a2 test and multivariate Logistic regression.

RESULTSAccording to NCEP III and IDF standards, 17 (27%) and 24 (39%) women, respectively, were identified as having metabolic syndrome. Being overweight pre-pregnancy and currently overweight were risk factors, and currently overweight was an independent risk factor. A combination of blood pressure and waist circumference was predictive of metabolic syndrome with a sensitivity of 91.67% and specificity of 94.74%.

CONCLUSIONSAn unfavorable metabolic constitution in women may lead to metabolic syndrome, preeclampsia, and long-term cardiovascular disease. In women with severe preeclampsia, therapeutic interventions should include weight-control shortly after pregnancy, especially among women who were previously overweight.

Adult ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Metabolic Syndrome ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Middle Aged ; Pre-Eclampsia ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo investigate metabolic syndrome components that influencing the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

METHODSFive hundred persons were selected from a unit in Nanning city, Guangxi, based on the cross-sectional study on a distribution of population with metabolic syndrome in 2004 and followed them up for 3.5 more years. Physical examination would include detection on blood pressure, glucose, serum cholesterol and body index etc. When someone suffered from cardiovascular disease would be viewed as an 'end-point event'. Criteria of diagnosis were under the basis of CVD from the WHO-MONICA.

RESULTS(1) The mean value of physical and biochemical index as BMI, waist circumstance, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure. Fast serum glucose, triglyceride in the population with more MS components were higher than the ones with less components. (2) The prevalence rates of CVD in the four groups were 2.97%, 4.19%, 7.97%, 11.88% respectively with significant differences between the groups (P = 0.0008). (3) Data from the logistic analysis manifested that when compared to the 0 group, the risk rate of CVD for groups having 1, 2, 3 components were 1.41, 2.68, 4.00 respectively. After adjusted age and sex, time of occurrences, results from the Cox model showed that the risk rate of CVD for groups with 1, 2, 3 components were 1.29, 2.47, 3.67 (RR 95%CI: 1.02 - 13.14) respectively. (4) Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the cum hazard of CVD in the 3rd group was higher than in the 0, 1 group, and at the end of follow-up, the cum hazard of CVD was 12.7% in the 3rd group among population with metabolic syndrome.

CONCLUSIONWhen increasing the number of components of metabolic syndrome, the higher risk ratio for population to suffer from CVD was seen. With the natural process of disease, the more components of metabolic syndrome in population, the higher cum hazard would influence the occurrence of CVD in the future.

Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; etiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between resting heart rate (RHR)and target organs damage in senile essential hypertension.

METHODSAll 206 elderly essential hypertensive patients (age: 60 - 85 years) were divided into three groups according to the levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP): SBP < 160 mm Hg, 160 mm Hg /= 180 mm Hg. Each of the groups mentioned above were divided into five groups according to the levels of RHR [RHR1 group: RHR < 65 beats/minute(bpm); RHR2: 65 bpm /= 80 bpm]. Electrocardiography, carotid ultrasonography, echocardiography, creatinine clearance rate (CCr) and quantitative test for 24 hours' urinary microalbuminuria (MAU) were performed.

RESULTS(1) Compared with RHR1-RHR4 groups, the RHR5 group showed with lower levels of MAU and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with RHR1 and RHR2 groups, RHR5 or RHR4 group showed with higher levels of carotid intima-medial thickness (IMT) and carotid arterial diameter (CAD), lower CCr and MAU (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (2) The levels of IMT, CAD, LVMI, MAU were positively correlated to RHR (r = 0.312, 0.289, 0.630, 0.563, 0.576 respectively, all P < 0.01), however, the levels of LVEF, CCr were negatively correlated to RHR (r = -0.563, -0.510. all P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSTarget organ damage (TOD) seems not only related with PP, SBP, DBP, but also related with RHR in senile essential hypertension. RHR may be one of the important risk factors in TOD.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVETo observe the association between baseline pulse pressure (PP) level and new-onset cardio-cerebrovascular events in diabetic population.

METHODSPhysical examination data between July 2006 to October 2007 from a total of 101 510 employees of Kailuan Group were reviewed, 8306 subjects with a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or with confirmed diabetes diagnosis and were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Subjects were followed up for 38-53 (48.1 ± 3.1) months and the cardio-cerebrovascular events were obtained every six months, association between baseline PP and new-onset cardio-cerebrovascular events in the diabetic population were analyzed.

RESULTS(1) Incidences of total cardio-cerebrovascular events in the PP groups were 3.4%, 2.8%, 4.5%, 6.4%, respectively. Incidences of cerebral infarction events and myocardial infarction were 2.1%, 1.6%, 2.9%, 3.9% and 1.1%, 0.7%, 1.0%, 1.7%, respectively. (2) Multivariate Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that baseline PP group was the risk factor for total cardio-cerebrovascular events, cerebral infarction events and myocardial infarction, and the risk for all the events of the PP ≥ 60 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) group was increasing. The values of RR(95%CI) were 1.88 (95%CI 1.34-2.65, P < 0.01), 1.92 (95%CI 1.23-2.99, P < 0.01) and 1.52 (95%CI 0.82-2.81, P > 0.05) after adjust the other factors.(3) In line with increasing level of baseline PP, age, BMI, SBP, DBP, HDL-C, and hs-CRP levels significantly increased in this diabetic population (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe level of high baseline PP is a risk factor for new-onset cardio-cerebrovascular events in diabetic population.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; physiopathology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo analyze the correlation of Chinese medicine syndrome evolvement and cardiovascular: events in patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD).

METHODSThis prospective cohort study investigated and: collected the clinical information of patients with stable CHD and observed the syndrome type at the baseline and 6-month at follow-up, as well as the cardiovascular events during the 6-month and 12-month follow-up. The patients were divided into the event group and the non-event group. The interaction and the impact of syndrome evolvement on cardiovascular events were examined through multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis and the results were verified by Chi-square test.

RESULTSTotally 1,333 of 1,503 stable CHD patients enrolled met the inclusion criteria: of MDR analysis. Among them, 959 (71.9%) cases were males and 374 (28.1%) cases were females. Thirty seven cases had cardiovascular events during 6 to 12 months after the study began. The results of the MDR analysis and verification using Chi-square test showed that the development of cardiovascular events was positively correlated with interaction between blood stasis and toxic syndrome at the baseline, blood stasis at the baseline and qi deficiency at the 6-month follow-up, toxic syndrome at the baseline and qi deficiency at the 6-month follow-up, toxic syndrome at the base line and blood stasis at the 6-month follow-up, qi deficiency and blood stasis at the 6-month follow-up (P<0.05 for all).

CONCLUSIONSBlood stasis, toxic syndrome and qi deficiency are important factors of stable CHD. There: are positive correlation between cardiovascular events and syndrome evolution from blood stasis to qi deficiency, from toxic syndrome to qi deficiency and from toxic syndrome to blood stasis, indicating the pathogenesis of toxin consuming qi, toxin leading to blood-stasis in stable CHD patients prone to recurrent cardiovascular events.

Aged ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Disease ; complications ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction ; Syndrome

PURPOSE: Reduced heart rate variability significantly increases cardiovascular mortality. Metabolic syndrome increases the cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Recently, increasing cardiovascular mortality has been reported in patients with schizophrenia. This study was done to compare heart rate variability between adults with and without schizophrenia and to compare the relationship of heart rate variability to metabolic syndrome in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: This was a descriptive and correlational study in which 719 adults without schizophrenia and 308 adults with schizophrenia took part between May and June 2008. We measured the following: five-minute heart rate variability; high-frequency, low-frequency, the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency, and the Standard Deviation of all the normal RR intervals. Data was also collected on metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting glucose. RESULTS: The Standard Deviation of all the normal RR intervals values of heart rate variability indices were 1.53+/-0.18. The low-frequency and high-frequency values of heart rate variability indices were significantly higher in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia (3.89+/-1.36; 3.80+/-1.20) than those in the healthy participants (2.20+/-0.46; 2.10+/-0.46). There were no significant differences between the schizophrenic patients with and without metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that schizophrenia patients have significantly lower cardiac autonomic control, but they have significantly higher low-frequency and high-frequency values than those of healthy adults. Use of antipsychotic drug may affect the autonomic nervous system in schizophrenic patients. Metabolic syndrome was not associated with cardiac autonomic control in schizophrenia patients.
Adult ; Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases/complications/diagnosis/mortality ; Cholesterol, HDL/blood ; Female ; *Heart Rate ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/*complications/*physiopathology ; Middle Aged ; Obesity/etiology ; Schizophrenia/*complications/mortality/*physiopathology ; Triglycerides/blood

OBJECTIVETo investigate the major cardiovascular risk factors affecting small arterial elasticity and the effect of combined multiple risk factors on it.

METHODSArterial elasticity indexes (C(1)-large artery and C(2)-small artery) were measured with CVProfilor DO-2020. The status of insulin resistance was evaluated with HOMA (homeostasis model assessment). Subjects were categorized into abnormal C(2) group and control group according to the level of C(2). The former group was further divided into four subgroups (0 to 3) based on the number of risk factors.

RESULTS(1) The levels of age, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in abnormal C(2) group were higher than those in control group, whereas C(2) itself was lower than that in control group (P all < 0.05). Age, TC, LDL-C, FBG, SBP and DBP were significantly inversely correlated with C(2). (2) With the clusters of risk factors increasing, C(2) was decreasing (6.5 +/- 2.6 vs 5.4 +/- 2.3 vs 4.7 +/- 2.7 vs 3.1 +/- 1.6, P < 0.001). C(2) decreased significantly in subjects with multiple risk factors (subgroup 3). (3) Fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR (insulin resistance index) were significantly higher in subgroup 3 than in the other subgroups (P < 0.05, P < 0.001 respectively).

CONCLUSIONSThe elevations of age, TC, LDL-C, FBG, SBP and DBP were the major cardiovascular risk factors on the reduction of C(2), and the effects on it were continuously. With their concurrent effects, multiple risk factors could decrease small arterial elasticity much more significantly. Insulin resistance seems to be closely related to the clusters of multiple risk factors.

Adult ; Aged ; Arterioles ; physiopathology ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; blood ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Cholesterol, LDL ; blood ; Elasticity ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors