No abstract available.
Cardiovascular Diseases/*blood/*epidemiology ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Uric Acid/*blood

OBJECTIVETo assess the cardiovascular disease-related risk levels among hypertensive people in Zhejiang.

METHODSSubjects were selected from local residents aged ≥18 years old, using the multi stage stratified-random sampling method. All participants accepted physical examinations including blood tests for lipids, fasting blood glucose, 2 hours blood glucose and physical measurements for obesity and blood pressure in the year 2010.

RESULTSTotally, 17 437 subjects were finally included in the study, in which 5 227 were diagnosed as having hypertension, with 'grade one hypertension' the majority. Cardiovascular disease-related risk factors would include older age (male >55 years, female >65 years), smoking, abnormal fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, abnormal TC, abnormal HDL-C, abdominal obesity and obesity, with rates as 42.78% , 20.89%, 5.31%, 8.35%, 9.87%, 35.66%, 40.55% and 13.93%. Most of the hypertensive people had two (30.44%) or three risk factors (29.96%). Proportions of low, medium, high or very high risks were 9.70% , 47.71% , 18.81% and 23.78% , respectively in those people with hypertension. Significant differences on cardiovascular risk stratification were found between age groups, sex and regions. There were also statistically significant differences noticed, regarding the levels of cardiovascular disease related risks between in patients aware or unaware of the diseases, under control or uncontrolled of the situation.

CONCLUSIONPeople under high risk or very high risk on cardiovascular disease did exist in Zhejiang, especially in those 60-year-olds, males and urban residents.

Aged ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Obesity, Abdominal ; epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; epidemiology

Objective: To explore the relationship between the ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors and newonset heart failure. Methods: It was a prospective cohort study. People who attended the 2006-2007 physical examination of Kailuan Group Company and with complete data of cardiovascular behaviors and related factors were eligible for this study. A total of 95 167 participants who were free of valvular heart diseases, congenital heart diseases and a prior history of heart failure were included. Basic cardiovascular health score (CHS) of each participant was calculated. Participants were divided into 3 groups according to CHS. Group 1:CHS<8 (n=26 640), Group 2:8≤CHS<10 (n=35 230), Group3:CHS≥10 (n=33 297). The general clinical data and laboratory test results were collected. The outcome was defined as the first occurrence of heart failure at the end of followup(December 31, 2016). Cox regression model was used to determine the association between baseline CHS and the risk of newonset heart failure. Results: After a median followup of 10.3 years, the incidence of newonset heart failure in the group of CHS<8,8≤CHS<10,CHS≥10 were 2.7%(729/26 640), 1.8%(651/35 230) and 1.1%(360/33 297),respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, history of myocardial infarction, history of atrial fibrillation, income, alcohol consumption, education and the use of antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, glucose-lowering medications, compared with the group of CHS<8, the Cox regression model showed that HRs of the group of 8≤CHS<10 and CHS≥10 were 0.68 (95%CI 0.61-0.75), 0.49 (95%CI 0.43-0.55), respectively. Cox regression analysis after removing each single cardiovascular behavior or factor showed that the HR value range ability was as follows:systolic blood pressure(HR=0.78,95%CI 0.74-0.82), body mass index(HR=0.78,95%CI 0.74-0.82), fasting blood glucose (HR=0.77,95%CI 0.73-0.81), total cholesterol(HR=0.76,95%CI 0.72-0.80), physical exercise(HR=0.72,95%CI 0.69-0.76), smoking(HR=0.75,95%CI 0.71-0.79) and salt intake(HR=0.73,95%CI 0.69-0.77). Conclusion: CHS is negatively associated with the risk of newonset heart failure, and there is a dose-response relationship between the two indexes.
Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology* ; Health Behavior ; Heart Failure/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors

Surveys of noncommunicable diseases were performed in six communities in Papua New Guinea during 1985-1986. Results are reported here with respect to blood pressure and associated factors in adults. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lowest, and hypertension was rarest (less than 2%), in three rural/semirural villages on Karkar Island, Madang Province. Intermediate values for blood pressure and moderate prevalence of hypertension (3-6%) were observed in rural and urban Tolai communities in East New Britain Province. A periurban village in the Eastern Highlands Province displayed the highest mean blood pressures and prevalence of hypertension (12% in men and 5% in women). There was a modest rise in mean systolic blood pressure with age in most groups, but the age-related rise in diastolic pressure was much less pronounced. Other cardiovascular risk factors--body mass index (BMI), and plasma cholesterol, glucose and insulin concentrations--were lowest in the least developed rural villages on Karkar Island and highest in the urban Tolai and periurban highland communities. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly (and positively) related to age, male sex, BMI and speaking a non-Austronesian language. It is concluded that there is now a considerable variation in the prevalence of hypertension, and the levels of blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors, in different communities in Papua New Guinea.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology ; Diabetes Mellitus - epidemiology ; Hypertension - complications ; Obesity - epidemiology ; Papua New Guinea

OBJECTIVEHigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has cardio-protective effects. However, results from clinical trials showed that improving HDL-C levels alone did not reduce the cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and different HDL particles (HDL-P) subfractions may relate to different CVD risk. In this meta-analysis, we reviewed prospective studies reported relationships of HDL-P subfractions with CVD risk.

METHODS

DATA SOURCESMEDLINE, Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched up to July 1st, 2013.

STUDY SELECTIONProspective studies that reported an association of HDL-P subfractions with the incidence of CVD were included and studies did not assess the hazard ratio, relative risk, or odds ratio of HDL-P and studies did not adjust for any other risk factors were excluded.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESISAll studies were extracted by 1 researcher and verified by another researcher. Full data were extracted from the studies meanwhile the quality was evaluated. Heterogeneity was analyzed. Pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval were calculated.

RESULTSSix studies were enrolled in this meta-analysis. HDL-P can be grouped into three subfractions: large HDL-P, medium HDL-P and small HDL-P. Only higher large HDL-P concentration was associated with decreased risk for CVD and pooled RR was 0.65 (95%CI:0.55-0.76). Medium HDL-P and small HDL-P were not associated with the incidence of CVD events.

CONCLUSIONHigher large HDL-P concentration is associated with lower CVD risk. Assessment of HDL-P subfractions may thus be of great clinical importance for evaluating the CVD risk.

Cardiovascular Diseases ; blood ; epidemiology ; China ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Humans ; Risk Factors

Apolipoproteins B ; blood ; Biomarkers ; blood ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; blood ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Cholesterol, LDL ; blood ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; blood ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Hyperlipidemias ; blood ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Pediatrics ; Risk Factors ; Triglycerides ; blood

Epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood is influenced by the environment in early life. Intrauterine and early postnatal malnutrition and the following catch-up growth have a long-term effect on blood pressure and endothelial function in adulthood. Well-established prenatal or/and postnatal animal models are used to study the impact of different nutritional intervention on CVD in adulthood. This article reviews the early original cause of chronic CVD in adulthood with the hypothesis of DOHaD (the developmental origins of health and disease), and proposes possible preventions in early life on the basis of this theory.
Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Malnutrition

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship and interaction of elevated fasting glucose and hypertension on cardiocerebral vascular disease.

METHODS10 054 males and females were recruited for our cross-sectional study during May 2007 to August 2007. Unconditional logistic regression was used to analysis the relationship between fasting glucose and hypertension on cardiocerebral vascular disease. A product of fasting glucose and hypertension was added to the logistic regression model to evaluate the multiplicative interaction and relative excess risk of interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP) of interaction and synergy index (S) was applied to evaluate the additive interaction of the two factors. Bootstrap was used to calculate 95% confidence intervals (CI) of RERI, AP and S.

RESULTSAfter adjusting age, gender, smoking, drinking, body mass index (BMI) and region, the product of fasting glucose and hypertension was not statistically significant, which means there was no multiplicative interaction between the two. But the additive indexes RERI, AP and S with 95%CI of diabetes and hypertension were 0.64 (0.03, 1.25), 0.27 (0.01, 0.47) and 1.83 (1.02, 5.13) respectively, which means significant additive interaction was shown between the two on cardiovascular disease but not no stroke. And there were no additive interaction between impaired fasting glucose on cardiovascular disease or stroke.

CONCLUSIONSHypertension was independently related to cardiovascular disease and stroke in Beijing citizens, and diabetes were independently related to stroke. There was additive interaction between diabetes and hypertension on cardiovascular disease.

Adult ; Aged ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; blood ; complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6), endothelin-1 (ET-1), E-selectin and the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular events.

METHODSBased on a cohort study in which 2 589 Mongolians had been followed up for 10 years, a nested case-control study was carried out to analyze the relationship between IL-6, ET-1, E-selectin and the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular events. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).

RESULTSThe average level of IL-6 (7.66 vs. 8.77 pg/ml), ET-1 (0.74 vs. 0.75 pg/ml) and E-selectin (17.96 vs. 18.32 ng/ml)were not significantly different between the case and the control groups (P > 0.05). Data from the logistic regression analysis showed that IL-6, ET-1 and E-selectin were not significantly associated with the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular events. The multivariable adjusted ORs (95%CI) on the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular events were 0.69 (0.41-1.16), 1.10 (0.66-1.85) and 1.19 (0.71-2.00) for the participants with IL-6>23.91 pg/ml, ET-1>1.33 pg/ml and E-selectin>24.43 ng/ml, respectively, compared with those having IL-6≤23.91 pg/ml, ET-1≤1.33 pg/ml or E-selectin≤24.43 ng/ml.

CONCLUSIONData from our study indicated that the levels of IL-6, ET-1 and E-selectin at baseline were not significantly associated with the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular events in people from Inner Mongolia.

Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; E-Selectin ; blood ; Endothelin-1 ; blood ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Odds Ratio ; Risk

OBJECTIVETo observe the prevalence, blood pressure change in prehypertensive population and associated cardiovascular risk factors.

METHODSData from a prehypertensive cohort defined with the JNC-7 prehypertension diagnostic criteria were obtained in the employees of kailuan group during the health examination between 2006 to 2007 and the same population was revisited between 2008 to 2009 to observe the change of blood pressure and the associated determinants for blood pressure change.

RESULTS(1) There were 25 474 prehypertensive during the 1(st) visit and 8361 subjects developed hypertension during the 2(nd) visit (35.3% in men and 23.3% in women, 27.2% with baseline blood pressure 120 - 129/80 - 84 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) and 43.8% with baseline blood pressure 130 - 139/85 - 89 mm Hg, 34.3% with risk factors and 19.9% without risk factors). (2) Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the baseline SBP, waist circumference, age, BMI, gender (male), DBP, TC, FBG, TG, LDL-C were the risk factors of blood pressure progression with a RR (95%CI) of 1.052 (1.048 - 1.056), 1.009 (1.006 - 1.013), 1.023 (1.021 - 1.026), 1.063 (1.052 - 1.074), 1.554 (1.442 - 1.675), 1.036 (1.029 - 1.043), 1.064 (1.037 - 1.093), 1.043 (1.024 - 1.062), 1.041 (1.021 - 1.062) and 1.035 (1.000 - 1.072), respectively.

CONCLUSIONA third (32.8%) prehypertensive population progressed into hypertension after two years, baseline SBP, waist circumference, age, BMI, gender (male), DBP, TC, FBG, TG, LDL-C were the risk factors of predicting blood pressure progression.

Adult ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prehypertension ; epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Waist Circumference