No abstract available.
Cardiomyoplasty*

The end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy is usually treated with cardiac transplantation although some limited success have also been obtained in selected patients using dynamic cardiomyoplasty or medical assist devices. Recently, a new surgical alternatives, called partial left ventriculectomy (PLV) was introduced by Randas J. V Batista in 1995. A 40-year-old man who had end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy refractory to optimal doses of medicines underwent partial left ventriculectomy (Batista's operation), which reduces ventricular volume to improve left ventricular function. The left ventricular ejection fraction increased from 20 % to 58 % at 4 month after operation.
Adult ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated* ; Cardiomyoplasty ; Heart Transplantation ; Humans ; Stroke Volume ; Ventricular Function, Left

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the short-term effect of dynamic cardiomyoplasty on circulatory function and detect the related factors that can affect it, experimental cardiomyoplasties were performed under the state of normal cardiac function and heart failure. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 10 mongrel dogs weighing 20 to 30kg were divided arbitrarily into two groups. Five dogs of group A underwent cardiomyoplasty with latissimus dorsi(LD) muscle mobilization followed by a 2-week vascular delay and 6-week muscle training. Then, hemodynamic studies were conducted. In group B, doxorubicin was given to 5 dogs in an IV dose of 1 mg/kg once a week for 8 weeks to induce chronic heart failure, and simultaneous muscle training was given for preconditioning during this period. Then, cardiomyoplasties were performed and hemodynamic studies were conducted immediately after these cardiomyoplasties in group B. RESULT: In group A, under the state of normal cardiac function, only mean right atrial pressure significantly increased with the pacer-on(p<0.05) and the left ventricular hemodynamic parameters did not change significantly. However, with pacer-on in group B, cardiac output(CO), rate of left ventricular pressure development(dp/dt), stroke volume(SV), and left ventricular stroke work(SW) increased by 16.7+/-7.2%, 9.3+/-3.2%, 16.8+/-8.6%, and 23.1+/-9.7%, respectively, whereas left ventricular end-diastole pressure(LVEDP) and mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure(mPCWP) decreased by 32.1+/-4.6% and 17.7+/-9.1%, respectively(p<0.05). In group A, imipramine was infused at the rate of 7.5mg/kg/hour for 34+/-2.6 minutes to induce acute heart failure, which resulted in the reduction of cardiac output by 17.5+/-2.7%, systolic left ventricular pressure by 15.8+/-2.5% and the elevation of left ventricular end-diastole pressure by 54.3+/-15.2%(p<0.05). With pacer-on under this state of acute heart failu e, CO, dp/dt, SV, and SW increased by 4.5+/-1.8% and 3.1+/-1.1%, 5.7+/-3.6%, and 6.9+/-4.4%, respectively, whereas LVEDP decreased by 11.7+/-4.7%(p<0.05). Comparing CO, dp/dt, SV, SW and LVEDP that changed significantly with pacer-on, both under the state of acute and chronic heart failure, augmentation widths of these left ventricular hemodynamic parameters were significantly larger under the state of chronic heart failure(group B) than acute heart failure(group A)(p<0.05). On gross inspection, variable degrees of adhesion and inflammation were present in all 5 dogs of group A, including 2 dogs that showed no muscle contraction. No adhesion and inflammation were, however, present in all 5 dogs of group B, which showed vivid muscle contractions. Considering these differences in gross findings along with the following premise that the acute heart failure state was not statistically different from the chronic one in terms of left ventricular parameters(p>0.05), the larger augmentation effect seen in group B is presumed to be mainly attributed to the viability and contractility of the LD muscle. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the positive circulatory augmentation effect of cardiomyoplasty is apparent only under the state of heart failure and the preservation of muscle contractility is important to maximize this effect.
Animals ; Atrial Pressure ; Capillaries ; Cardiac Output ; Cardiomyoplasty* ; Dogs ; Doxorubicin ; Heart Failure* ; Heart* ; Hemodynamics* ; Imipramine ; Inflammation ; Muscle Contraction ; Stroke ; Ventricular Pressure

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the long-term outcome of dynamic cardiomyoplasty in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.

METHODSThree male patients with dilated cardiomyopathy at age of 36, 45 and 62 years were underwent dynamic cardiomyoplasty from 1994 to 1995. Postoperative follow-up were performed. The data of hemodynamic parameters, functional grade and dimension of heart were analyzed.

RESULTSThere was no operative death in these patients. All patients recovered eventlessly. From early postoperative stage, the hemodynamic parameters and clinical symptoms were improved and the patients' exercise tolerance augmented. The quality of life of patients was enhanced significantly. All patients showed NYHA functional grade I. One patient died of severe arrhythmia at the 19th postoperative month. In 2 long-term survivors, the hemodynamic parameters and heart function were declined and the heart tended to be dilated after 3 postoperative years. One patient died of congestive heart failure at 4.5 postoperative years. One patient still survived 7 years after operation and remained heart functional grade II.

CONCLUSIONSDynamic cardiomyoplasty can significantly improve the functional class and quality of life in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy within a considerable long postoperative period.

Adult ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated ; physiopathology ; psychology ; surgery ; Cardiomyoplasty ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Quality of Life ; Treatment Outcome

Dynamic cardiomyoplasty is a recently introduced surgical method to improve myocardial performance. It consists of a placement of a skeletal muscle flap around the heart and stimulation of the flap in synchrony with ventricular contraction. We experienced a case of cardiomyoplasty in a 25 year old male patient with congestive heart failure. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with fentanyl, midazolam and isoflurane. The operation was performed for 8hrs without cardiopulmonary bypass and the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit. He was mechanically ventilated electively overnight and extubation was done 18hrs postoperatively. The patient was discharged home on the 40days after operation and improved in exercise tolerance. We report the anesthetic management and hemodynamic changes in a patient who underwent dynamic cardiomyoplasty.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Cardiomyoplasty* ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Exercise Tolerance ; Fentanyl ; Heart ; Heart Failure ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Isoflurane ; Male ; Midazolam ; Muscle, Skeletal

A 25-year-old man with viral cardiomyopathy and chronic active hepatitis successfully underwent dynamic cardiomyoplasty for the first time in Korea on July 30, 1996. The patient had been intermittently dyspneic for 5 years and was admitted to our center twice because of heart failure. For the past 2 years, he was NYHA functional class III status with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of around 30%. The patient was born with scoliosis and showed a short stature. The liver function showed elevated liver enzymes, and hepatitis B antigen was positive. The liver biopsy revealed chronic active hepatitis. The preoperative echocardiogram showed decreased left ventricular function with grade II mitral and grade II tricuspid regurgitation with dilated left and right atrium. Recently his symptoms worsened and we decided to perform a dynamic cardiomyoplasty. The left latissmus dorsi muscle (LDM) was mobilized and tested with lead placement on his right lateral decubitus position. The patient was positioned into supine and, after median sternotomy, the heart was wrapped with the mobilized muscle. The Russian made cardiomyostimulator (EKS-445) and leads (Myocardial PEMB for heart and PEMP-1 for LDM) were used. The total operation time was 8 hours and there were no perioperative episodes. Postoperatively the LDM had been trained for a 10 week period and currently the stimulation ratio is maintained at 1:4. The postoperative LVEF did not increase with the value of 30-35%. However, the patient feels better postoperatively with slightly increased activity.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Cardiomyopathies ; Cardiomyoplasty* ; Heart ; Heart Atria ; Heart Failure ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis, Chronic ; Humans ; Korea* ; Liver ; Scoliosis ; Sternotomy ; Stroke Volume ; Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency ; Ventricular Function, Left

OBJECTIVETo summarize the experience of ventricular septal myectomy (modified Morrow procedure) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).

METHODSFrom June 2003 to March 2011, 38 patients (26 male and 12 female) with HOCM underwent modified Morrow procedure. The mean age was 36.3 years (ranging from 18 to 64 years). The diagnosis was made by echocardiography and spiral CT. The mean systolic gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta from transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was (89±31) mmHg (ranging from 50 to 184 mmHg, 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) before operation. There was moderate or severe systolic anterior motion (SAM) in 38 cases and mitral regurgitation in 29 cases. Ventricular septal myectomy with modified Morrow procedure was performed in all 38 cases. TEE was used intraoperatively to evaluate the results of the surgical procedures. After 1 to 2 weeks of operation, TTE was performed to evaluate the effect of operation. All patients were followed up with TTE after operation.

RESULTSAll patients were discharged without complications. Intraoperative TEE showed that the mean systolic gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta was decreased from (95±36) mmHg before procedures to (14±11) mmHg after operation (t=13.265, P=0.000), and the thickness of ventricular septum was decreased from (28±8) mm to (12±3) mm (t=11.656, P=0.000). TTE showed that the mean systolic gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta was decreased from (89±31) mmHg preoperatively to (18±13) mmHg (t=12.729, P=0.000) in 1 to 2 weeks after operation. Mitral regurgitation and SAM were significantly improved or disappeared (t=7.930, t=5.213, both P=0.000). During the follow-up, all patients promptly became completely asymptomatic or complained of mild effort dyspnea only and syncope was abolished, and TTE showed that the pressure gradient was kept on the postoperative level or slightly decreased (P=0.494).

CONCLUSIONSVentricular septal myectomy with modified Morrow procedure is a mostly effective method for patients with HOCM. Good surgical exposure and the hypertrophied septum thoroughly excised are paramount for successful surgery.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic ; surgery ; Cardiomyoplasty ; methods ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Septum ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cellular cardiomyoplasty (CCM) is considered to be a novel therapeutic approach for post-myocardial infarction (MI) heart failure. In this study, the functional effects of cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation and the associated histopathologic changes were evaluated in a rat model of MI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were subjected to 5 hours of coronary ligation followed by reperfusion, and 10 days after MI, animals were randomized into either the MSCs transplantation (MI-MSC, n=8) group or the control (n=8) group. Allogeneic MSCs (3x10(6) cells) or media were epicardially injected into the center and the border area of the infarct scar. RESULTS: Four weeks after the MSCs transplantation, the echocardiogram showed preserved anterior regional wall motion and increases in fractional shortening in the MI-MSC heart relative to the control heart. Left ventricular (LV) end diastolic pressure was smaller in the MI-MSC than in the control group. Implanted MSCs formed islands of cell clusters on the border of the infarct scar, and the cells were positively immunostained by sarcomeric alpha-actinin and cardiac troponin T. In addition, the number of microvessels on the border area of the infarct scar was greater in the MI-MSC than in the control group. CONCLUSION: Allogeneic MSCs transplanted into the MI scar formed clusters of cell grafts on the border of the infarct, expressed cardiac muscle proteins, increased microvessel formation, and improved regional and global LV function. Our data indicate that CCM using MSCs may have a significant role in the treatment of post-MI heart failure.
Actinin ; Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Bone Marrow* ; Cardiomyoplasty* ; Cicatrix ; Heart Failure* ; Heart* ; Infarction ; Islands ; Ligation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells* ; Microvessels ; Models, Animal ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Myocardium ; Rats ; Reperfusion ; Stem Cells ; Transplantation ; Transplants ; Troponin T

BACKGROUNDTreatment of ischemic heart disease remains an important challenge, though there have been enormous progresses in cardiovascular therapeutics. This study was conducted to evaluate whether Tongxinluo (TXL) treatment around the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can improve survival and subsequent activities of implanted cells in swine hearts with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and reperfusion.

METHODSTwenty-eight Chinese mini-pigs were divided into four groups including a control group (n = 7); group 2, administration of low-dose TXL alone from the 3rd day prior to AMI to the 4th day post transplantation (n = 7); group 3, MSCs alone (n = 7) and group 4, TXL + MSCs (n = 7). AMI models were made by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 90 minutes. Autologous bone marrow-MSCs (3 x 10(7) cells/animal) were then injected into the post-infarct myocardium immediately after AMI and reperfusion. The survival and differentiation of implanted cells in vivo were detected by immunofluorescent analysis. The data of cardiac function were obtained at baseline (1 week after transplantation) and endpoint (6 weeks after transplantation) by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay and the oxidative stress level was investigated in the post-infarct myocardium at endpoint.

RESULTSAt endpoint, there was less fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration with more surviving myocardium in group 4 than in the control group. In group 4 the survival and differentiation of implanted MSCs were significantly improved more than that seen in group 3 alone (P < 0.0001); the capillary density was also significantly greater than in the control group, group 2 or 3 both in the infarcted zone (P < 0.0001) and the peri-infarct zone (P < 0.0001). MRI showed that parameters at baseline were not significantly different between the 4 groups. At endpoint, regional wall thickening and the left ventricular ejection fraction were increased while the left ventricular mass index, dyskinetic segments and infarcted size were decreased only in group 4 compared with control group (P < 0.0001). SPECT showed that the area of perfusion defect was significantly decreased at endpoint only in group 4 compared with control group (P < 0.0001). TUNEL assay indicated that TXL administration significantly decreased cell apoptosis in peri-infarct myocardium in groups 2 and 4. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in groups 2 and 4 by the administration of TXL.

CONCLUSIONSOur study demonstrates the following: (1) immediate intramyocardial injection of MSCs after AMI and reperfusion resulted in limited survival and differentiation potential of implanted cells in vivo, thus being incapable of beneficially affecting post-hearts; (2) TXL-facilitation resulted in a significant survival and differentiation potential of implanted cells in vivo via inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative stress, accompanied by significant benefits in cardiac function.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cardiomyoplasty ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Myocardial Infarction ; pathology ; therapy ; Myocardium ; pathology ; Oxidative Stress ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ; Transplantation, Autologous

Despite therapeutic advance, the prevalence of ischemic heart disease continues to increase. Recently, cell transplantation of stem cell has been proposed as a strategy for cardiac repair following myocardial damage. However, low differentiation efficiency into cardiomyocyte and poor cell viability associated with transplantation have limited the reparative capacity of these cell. In this study, we engineered P19 embryonal carcinoma cells using plasmid vector to overexpress the transcription factor MEF2c, Nkx2.5 involved in cardiomyogenesis. We investigated 1) formation of intercellular junction of P19 in mono-culture and co-culture with cardiomyocyte for functional and structural synchronous contraction after transplantation, 2) differentiation into cardiomyocyte, 3) resistance to hypoxic condition. An P19 embryonal carcinoma cell line expressing GFP, MEF2c, Nkx2.5 was generated by gene transfection and clonal selection. Nkx2.5 overexpression induced connexin43 expression level decrease. Electron microscopy revealed myofibril organization and immunostaining with cTnT showed positive staining in P19-Nkx2.5, consistent with early stage cardiomyocyte. Connexin43 and N-cadherin was expressed between P19-MEF2c and cardiomyocyte, P19- Nkx2.5 and cardiomyocyte in co-culture. And beating rate of cardiomyocyte co-cultured with P19-Nkx2.5 increased much more than other group, even if P19-Nkx2.5 did not have synchronous contraction with cardiomyocyte. Additionally, P19-Nkx2.5 had a resistance against hypoxia. These result suggest that overexpression of Nkx2.5 induced differentiation of P19 into cardiomyocyte and would be electro-mechanical coupling with cardiomyocyte after transplantation. Futhermore, Nkx2.5 overexpression had protection potential to hypoxic injury. Therefore, P19 cell overexpressed Nkx2.5 would be promising cell source for further study of new therapy of myocardial disease and building up in vitro model.
Anoxia ; Cadherins ; Cardiomyopathies ; Cardiomyoplasty* ; Cell Survival ; Cell Transplantation ; Coculture Techniques ; Connexin 43 ; Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells ; Intercellular Junctions ; Microscopy, Electron ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; Myofibrils ; Plasmids ; Prevalence ; Stem Cells ; Transcription Factors* ; Transfection ; Transplants