OBJECTIVE: To explore the change of the amplitude of P wave, T wave and ST segment of 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) in children with breath holding spell.
 METHODS: A total of 29 children (24 males and 5 females) with breath holding spell in Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University were enrolled for this study from October, 2009 to September, 2015. Their ages ranged from 3 months to 6 years, with an average of 1.82±1.27 years old. The control group consisted of 30 age-matched and gender-matched healthy children. All subjects were underwent electrocardiography by the SR-1000A comprehensive automatic electrocardiograph analyzer, and the changes of the ECG parameters were compared between the two groups.
 RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the amplitude of P-wave of V5 lead was decreased [(44.10±23.98) vs (58.30±21.19) μV, P<0.05], the amplitude of T-wave of V6 lead was increased [(423.80±122.6) vs (350.00±105.73) μV, P<0.05], the amplitude of ST segment of II lead was increased [(84.80±39.97) vs (57.30±38.77) μV, P<0.05], the amplitude of ST segment of aVR lead was increased [(-77.60±37.41) vs (-51.00±33.46) μV, P<0.05], the amplitude of ST segment of aVL lead was increased [(35.20±28.24) vs (17.70±33.90) μV, P<0.05], the amplitude of ST segment of V5 lead was increased [(111.00±59.36) vs (69.00±36.33) μV, P<0.05], the amplitude of ST segment of V6 lead was increased [(79.30±45.51) vs (51.30±33.19) μV, P<0.05]. 
 CONCLUSION The children with breath holding spell have autonomic nerve dysfunction. The amplitude of ST segment changes is sensitive.
Breath Holding ; Brugada Syndrome ; Cardiac Conduction System Disease ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Heart Conduction System ; Humans ; Infant ; Male

Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Brugada Syndrome ; Cardiac Conduction System Disease ; Heart ; Heart Conduction System ; abnormalities ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; diagnosis ; Brugada Syndrome ; Cardiac Conduction System Disease ; Coronary Vessels ; pathology ; Heart Conduction System ; abnormalities ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Acute Coronary Syndrome ; therapy ; Angina, Unstable ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Brugada Syndrome ; Cardiac Conduction System Disease ; Heart Conduction System ; abnormalities ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction

Adult ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Brugada Syndrome ; Cardiac Conduction System Disease ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Heart Conduction System ; abnormalities ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Young Adult

The early cardiac biological pacemaker studies were mostly around HCN channel, and how to build a biological pacemaker through the enhanced If current. In recent years, however, people found that the genes of Tbx3 could play an important role in the development of cardiac conduction system, especially in processes of the maturity of the sinoatrial node and maintenance of its function. And the Tbx3 can further optimize the biological pacemaker. Therefore, it could be a new therapeutic focus in biological pacemaker and treatment of cardiac conduction system disease. This paper summarizes some of the latest research progress of the Tbx3 in biological pacemaker in recent years. We hope that this review could provide theoretical basis for the clinical applications of Tbx3.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; genetics ; Biological Clocks ; Brugada Syndrome ; Cardiac Conduction System Disease ; Heart ; physiopathology ; Heart Conduction System ; abnormalities ; Humans ; Sinoatrial Node ; T-Box Domain Proteins ; genetics

Restoration of blood flow is the definitive therapy to salvage myocardium following ischemic injury. Sudden restoration of blood flow to the ischemic myocardium may, however, also cause reperfusion injury. Therefore, to prevent such ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, one strategy could be to evoke endogenous myocardial protective mechanisms. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and postconditioning (I-postC) are endogenous protective mechanisms capable of protecting the myocardium from myocardial infarction, stunning, and ventricular arrhythmia induced by I/R injury. The mechanisms involve induction of triggers, activation of signaling pathways, and end-effectors, which attenuate generation of free radicals and calcium overload induced by I/R. The fact that I-postC can be applied after a prolonged period of ischemia offers a novel approach to myocardial protection. This article mainly reviews the cardioprotection, mechanisms, and application to clinical cardiology of I-postC.
Animals ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Brugada Syndrome ; Cardiac Conduction System Disease ; Heart Conduction System ; abnormalities ; Humans ; Ischemic Postconditioning ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; Myocardium ; Reperfusion Injury ; Signal Transduction

Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Brugada Syndrome ; Cardiac Conduction System Disease ; Coma ; etiology ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Heart Conduction System ; abnormalities ; Humans ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; complications ; diagnosis

Sudden cardiac death （SCD）, most commonly seen in coronary heart disease, is a kind of sudden death caused by series of cardiac parameters, which usually combines with myocardial infarction. However, some SCDs （including early myocardial infarction） happen suddenly and cause death in a very short time. In these circumstances, typical morphological changes are lack in macroscopic or microscopic fields, which make such SCDs become the emphasis and difficulty in the present research. SCD caused by myocardial infarction and abnormalities of cardiac conduction system （CCS） is related to atherosclerosis of coronary artery closely. This paper reviews cardiac dysfunction caused by myocardial infarction and diseases of CCS from morphology and molecular biology, and explores potential relationship between them. This paper aims to provide clues to the mechanism of myocardial infarction related sudden death and possible assistance for forensic diagnosis of SCD.
Coronary Disease ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology* ; Heart Conduction System/physiopathology* ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology*

PURPOSE: Recent studies show positive association of early repolarization (ER) with the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study was to investigate the relationships of ER with myocardial scarring and prognosis in patients with CAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 570 consecutive CAD patients, patients with and without ER were assigned to ER group (n=139) and no ER group (n=431), respectively. Myocardial scar was evaluated using cardiac single-photon emission computed tomography. RESULTS: ER group had previous history of myocardial infarction (33% vs. 15%, p<0.001) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (57+/-13% vs. 62+/-13%, p<0.001) more frequently than no-ER group. While 74 (53%) patients in ER group had myocardial scar, only 121 (28%) patients had in no-ER group (p<0.001). During follow up, 9 (7%) and 4 (0.9%) patients had cardiac events in ER and no-ER group, respectively (p=0.001). All patients with cardiac events had ER in inferior leads and horizontal/descending ST-segment. Patients with both ER in inferior leads and horizontal/descending ST variant and scar had an increased adjusted hazard ratio of cardiac events (hazard ratio 16.0; 95% confidence interval: 4.1 to 55.8; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: ER in inferior leads with a horizontal/descending ST variant was associated with increased risk of cardiac events. These findings suggest that ER in patients with CAD may be related to myocardial scar rather than pure ion channel problem.
Aged ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology ; Cicatrix/*physiopathology ; Coronary Artery Disease/*pathology/*physiopathology ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac/pathology ; Female ; Heart Conduction System/abnormalities/physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardium/*pathology ; Prognosis