Carcinoid Tumor/pathology* ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology* ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology*

Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine ; pathology ; Humans ; Nasal Cavity ; pathology ; Nasopharynx ; pathology

Humans ; Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology* ; Urinary Tract/pathology* ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology* ; Kidney Neoplasms/pathology* ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology* ; Ureter/pathology*

Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; pathology ; Concept Formation ; Humans ; Neuroendocrine Tumors ; pathology ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; classification ; pathology ; World Health Organization

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion has only been reported in a few patients with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC); however, it has never been reported in a patient with LCNEC of the lung, whose serum sodium levels were normalized after surgical resection of the mass. A 63-year-old male presented with a two-day history of dizziness and recent memory loss. On admission, his serum sodium level was 113 mEq/L with a serum osmolality of 236 mosm/kg, a urine osmolality of 441 mosm/kg, and a urine sodium level of 65 mEq/L. His chest computed tomography revealed a 2.7x2.3 cm-sized mass in the left lower lobe. After surgical removal of the mass, his serum sodium concentrations were normalized, and histopathology of the mass revealed LCNEC.
Carcinoma, Large Cell/*pathology ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/*pathology ; Humans ; Inappropriate ADH Syndrome/*pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is a type of undifferentiated, malignant neuroendocrine tumor. Most of neuroendocrine tumors exhibit well-differentiated features and are classified as carcinoid tumors. However, carcinomas of the liver with anaplastic characters, which are classified as small-cell carcinomas are extremely rare and only few cases have been reported in the literature. We report an unusual case of primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the liver in a 67-year-old man. The patient was found to have a palpable mass on right upper quadrant of abdomen on physical examination. The diagnosis was made by immunohistochemical stains of biopsied specimen from the liver. Other possible primary site was excluded by radiologic and endoscopic evaluations. The tumor was composed of small monotonous and hyperchromatic poorly differentiated cells with higher nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and were positive for neuroendocrine tissue markers such as synaptophysin, c-kit, and CD56.
Aged ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/*diagnosis/pathology ; Carcinoma, Small Cell/*diagnosis/pathology ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology ; Male

Bone Neoplasms ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine ; pathology ; Humans ; Osteosarcoma ; pathology ; Ureter ; pathology ; Ureteral Neoplasms ; pathology

Neuroendocrine carcinoma(NEC) is a malignant tumor derived from neuroendocrine cells, with distinct clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the head and neck is very rare in clinic. Larynx is the most common affected site, and the root of the tongue is extremely rare. The clinical manifestations are mainly eating pain, cauliflower like mass in the mouth, and ulcerative lesions that have not healed for a long time. Maxillofacial MRI and contrastenhanced CT are the most commonly used examination tools for such diseases, which can detect the spaceoccupying lesions of tumors. Neuroendocrine granules found in the cytoplasm under pathological light microscope can be diagnosed as neuroendocrine carcinoma. However, for most cases, it is difficult to make a diagnosis only under light microscope, and it is often necessary to make a diagnosis by means of immunohistochemistry and other technical means. This paper reports a case of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the root of the tongue, introduces its characteristics, diagnosis and treatment, and reviews the relevant literature of this case.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology* ; Tongue ; Neck/pathology* ; Larynx/pathology* ; Mouth/pathology*

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major health risk for older men worldwide. Existing systemic therapies mostly target androgen receptor (AR). Although treatments are initially effective, the disease always recurs. A potential mechanism for the treatment failure is that PCa contains, in addition to the AR-positive luminal type tumor cells, a small component of neuroendocrine (NE) cells. The function of NE cells in PCa remains poorly understood, and one important characteristic of these cells is their lack of expression of AR and resistance to hormonal therapy. In addition, many patients develop the more aggressive small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC) after hormonal therapy. Although this clinical phenomenon of disease transformation from adenocarcinoma to SCNC is well established, the cell of origin for SCNC remains unclear. Recently, loss of function of Rb and TP53 and amplification and overexpression of MYCN and Aurora A kinase have been identified as important biomarkers and potential disease drivers. In this article, we systematically review the histology of normal prostate and prostate cancer including the main histologic types: adenocarcinoma and SCNC. We also review the findings from many studies using cellular and animal models as well as human specimens that attempt to understand the molecular mechanisms of treatment failure, disease progression, and tumor transformation from adenocarcinoma to SCNC.
Adenocarcinoma/pathology* ; Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology* ; Humans ; Male ; Neuroendocrine Cells/pathology* ; Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology*

Animals ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Cell Differentiation ; Chromogranin A ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Neuroendocrine Cells ; metabolism ; pathology ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology