Since the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in cirrhotic liver and is often multicentric, liver transplantation (LT) seems to be a rational approach for the treatment of HCC. Current selection criteria of LT for HCC are Milan criteria (single nodule < or = 5 cm , or < or = 3 nodules and Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology/*mortality/*surgery ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/*complications ; Liver Neoplasms/etiology/*mortality/*surgery ; *Liver Transplantation ; Salvage Therapy ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Data on the epidemiology of alcoholic cirrhosis, especially in Asian countries, are limited. We compared the temporal evolution of patterns of alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhosis over the last decade. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the inpatient datasets of five referral centers during 2002 and 2011. The study included patients who were admitted due to specific complications of liver cirrhosis. We compared the causes of hospital admissions and in-hospital deaths between patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhosis. RESULTS: Among the included 2,799 hospitalizations (2,165 patients), 1,496 (1,143 patients) were from 2002, and 1,303 (1,022 patients) were from 2011. Over time, there was a reduction in the rate of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) as a cause of hospitalization and an increase in the rate of hepatocellular carcinoma. Deaths that were attributable to HE or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) significantly decreased, whereas those due to hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) significantly increased over time in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. However, in patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis, hepatic failure and HRS remained the principal causes of in-hospital death during both time periods. CONCLUSIONS: The major causes of in-hospital deaths have evolved from acute cirrhotic complications, including HE or SBP to HRS in alcoholic cirrhosis, whereas those have remained unchanged in nonalcoholic cirrhosis during the last decade.
Aged ; Asia/epidemiology ; Bacterial Infections/etiology/mortality ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology/mortality ; Cause of Death ; Female ; Hepatic Encephalopathy/etiology/mortality ; Hepatorenal Syndrome/etiology/mortality ; Hospital Mortality/*trends ; Hospitalization/*trends ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/*complications/mortality ; Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic/*complications/mortality ; Liver Neoplasms/etiology/mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peritonitis/microbiology/mortality ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors

BACKGROUNDThe absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs) have been reported as one of worse prognostic factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient after liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of ALCs on the outcomes of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC within the Milan criteria following liver resection.

METHODSData of patients with HCC within the Milan criteria who received liver resection between January 2007 and June 2013 were reviewed, and perioperative ALCs were carefully monitored. All potential risk factors were statistically analyzed by uni- and multi-variate analyses. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal ALCs cut-off value to predict HCC recurrence after liver resection.

RESULTSA total of 221 patients were enrolled in the current study. During the follow-up period, 106 patients experienced recurrence, and 38 patients died. Multivariate analysis suggested microvascular invasion (MVI), a tumor grade ≥2, and a low postoperative ALCs in the 1st postoperative month increased the incidence of postoperative recurrence, besides, MVI, intraoperative transfusion, and a low postoperative ALCs in the 1st postoperative month were associated with poor overall survival (OS). An ROC analysis showed that a cut-off value of 1.5 × 109/L for ALCs in the 1st postoperative month predicted postoperative recurrence. The 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) and OS rates of patients with low postoperative ALCs were 34.5% and 64.8%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of patients with high postoperative ALC (58.5% for RFS and 86.5% for OS).

CONCLUSIONLow ALCs in the 1st postoperative month may be associated with high recurrence incidence and poor OS for patients with HBV-related HCC within the Milan criteria after liver resection.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; immunology ; mortality ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; immunology ; mortality ; surgery ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; etiology ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors

BACKGROUND: Metastatic pathological fractures of the spine are a major problem for cancer patients; however, there is no consensus on treatment strategy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate various treatment options by analyzing their patterns for metastatic pathological fractures of the spine. METHODS: In this study, 54 patients (male:female = 36:18) who were diagnosed with metastatic pathological fractures of spine were recruited. Demographic data, origin of cancer, type of treatment, and results were obtained from electronic medical records. Treatment options were divided into radiotherapy (RT), vertebroplasty (VP) or kyphoplasty (KP), operation (OP), and other treatments. Treatment results were defined as aggravation, no response, fair response, good response, and unknown. The survival time after detection of pathologic fractures was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 62.3 years. Hepatocellular carcinoma was the most common cancer of primary origin (n = 9), followed by multiple myeloma (n = 8). RT was the most common primary choice of treatment (n = 29, 53.7%), followed by OP (n = 13, 24.1%), and VP or KP (n = 10, 18.5%). Only 13 of 29 RT cases and 7 of 13 OP cases demonstrated a fair or good response. The mean survival time following detection of pathological spinal fractures was 11.1 months for 29 patients, who died during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: RT was the most common primary choice of treatment for metastatic pathological fractures of the spine. However, the response rate was suboptimal. Although OP should be considered for the relief of mechanical back pain or neurologic symptoms, care should be taken in determining the surgical indication. VP or KP could be considered for short-term control of localized pain, although the number of cases was too small to confirm the conclusion. It is difficult to determine the superiority of the treatment modalities, hence, a common guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic pathological fractures of the spine is required.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/mortality/pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma/mortality/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fractures/etiology/mortality/*radiotherapy/*surgery ; Spinal Neoplasms/*complications/secondary ; Spine ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We investigated the five-year survival outcomes of a large cohort of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who were treated at a single institute, and this is a follow-up study of a previous report. METHODS: Nine hundred four HCC patients who were treated at the National Cancer Center Korea were enrolled and they were followed till February 2007. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 56.0 years and 731 patients were male. Six hundred seventy-seven (74.9%) patients died and the overall 5-year survival rate (5-YSR) was 23.9%. The 5-YSRs of the patients with modified UICC stage I, II and III were 61.2%, 54.4% and 18.4%, respectively, and the median survival time was 4.3 and 3.7 months for the stage IVa and IVb patients, respectively. For the analysis of the treatment modality, surgical resection showed significantly better outcomes for the five-year survival as compared with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for Child-Pugh A patients with modified UICC stage I or II disease (80.1% vs 52.8%, respectively, P<.001), or stage III disease (60.7% vs 17.0%, respectively, P<.001). For patients with advanced stage IVb disease, TACE, systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy increased the median survival period more than conservative management for the Child-Pugh class A patients. The serum alpha-fetoprotein level, portal vein tumor thrombosis, the Child-Pugh class, the tumor stage, the tumor type and symptoms were related to the prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: This study presented, for the first time, the 5-YSRs of a cohort of HCC patients.
Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology/*mortality/surgery ; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic ; Cohort Studies ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Liver Neoplasms/etiology/*mortality/surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Staging ; Radiotherapy, Conformal ; Severity of Illness Index ; Survival Rate

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and efficacy of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for liver tumor in patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC)-C stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 35 patients between 2003 and 2011. Vascular invasion was diagnosed in 32 patients, extrahepatic metastases in 11 and both in 8. Thirty-two patients were categorized under Child-Pugh (CP) class A and 3 patients with CP class B. The median SABR dose was 45 Gy (range, 30-60 Gy) in 3-5 fractions. The median survival time was 14 months. The 1- and 3-yr overall survival (OS) rate was 52% and 21%, respectively. On univariate analysis, CP class A and biologically equivalent dose > or = 80 Gy10 were significant determinants of better OS. Severe toxicity above grade 3, requiring prompt therapeutic intervention, was observed in 5 patients. In conclusion, SABR for BCLC-C stage HCC showed 1-yr OS rate of 52% but treatment related toxicity was moderate. We suggest that patients with CP class A are the best candidate and at least SABR dose of 80 Gy10 is required for BCLC-C stage.
Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality/*radiotherapy ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Liver Failure/etiology ; Liver Neoplasms/mortality/*radiotherapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myelitis/etiology ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Radiation Dosage ; Retrospective Studies ; Severity of Illness Index ; Stereotaxic Techniques ; Survival Rate

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to identify the prognostic factors associated with patient survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty two patients who underwent TACE for infiltrative HCC were evaluated between 2007 and 2010. The maximum diameter of the tumors ranged from 7 cm to 22 cm (median 15 cm). Of 46 infiltrative HCC patients with portal vein tumor thrombosis, 32 patients received adjuvant radiation therapy for portal vein tumor thrombosis after TACE. RESULTS: The tumor response by European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria was partial in 18%, stable in 47%, and progressive in 35% of the patients. The median survival time was 5.7 months (Kaplan-Meier analysis). The survival rates were 48% at six months, 25% at one year, and 12% at two years. In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, Child-Pugh class (p = 0.02), adjuvant radiotherapy (p = 0.003) and tumor response after TACE (p = 0.004) were significant factors associated with patient survival. Major complications occurred in nine patients. The major complication rate was significantly higher in patients with Child-Pugh B than in patients with Child-Pugh A (p = 0.049, chi2 test). CONCLUSION: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization can be a safe treatment option in infiltrative HCC patients with Child Pugh class A. Child Pugh class A, radiotherapy for portal vein tumor thrombosis after TACE and tumor response are good prognostic factors for an increased survival after TACE in patients with infiltrative HCCs.
Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality/pathology/*therapy ; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic/*adverse effects/methods/mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Liver Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/*therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Tumor Burden ; Venous Thrombosis/etiology

OBJECTIVETo study the prevention and treatment of complications after hepatectomy.

METHODSFrom January 1998 to December 1999, 1 762 patients with pathologically proven primary liver cancer underwent hepatectomy. The types of resection included lobectomy, segmental resection and local hepatectomy.

RESULTSThe total complication rate was 4.09% and the total mortality was 0.40%. The rates of intraoperative bleeding, postoperative bleeding, hepatic failure, stockpiling fluid of the pleural cavity, residual fluid under the diaphragm, bile leakage and infection of incision were 0.96%, 0.28%, 0.51%, 1.87%, 0.17%, 0.17% and 0.11% respectively. The mortality of the former three complications were 0.06%, 0.06% and 0.28% respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe complications can be prevented effectively and the mortality can be decreased markedly after hepatectomy by strict control of the indications, sufficient preoperative preparation, better surgical skills and close observation of postoperative state and comprehensive postoperative treatment.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; mortality ; surgery ; Female ; Hepatectomy ; adverse effects ; methods ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; mortality ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; etiology ; mortality ; prevention & control

The survival of a recent series of 823 cirrhosis patients who were followed up for a mean of 48 months was analyzed. Cirrhosis was ascribed to alcohol (26%), hepatitis virus B (58%), hepatitis virus C (11%) or both (2%), or was cryptogenic (3%). Features of decompensation were observed in 51% of the patients at entry, and newly developed in 44% of compensated patients within 5 yr. The 5-yr survival after decompensation was 25%. The leading causes of death were liver failure (53%), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, 23%), and variceal bleeding (10%). Early detection of HCC significantly improved the survival of cirrhosis patients. Biannual ultrasonography increased the detection rate of small HCC. Mortality of variceal hemorrhage was much lower in patients with Child-Pugh scores from 5 to 8 than in those with scores above 8 (5% vs. 52%). Endoscopic prophylaxis significantly decreased the incidence of first variceal hemorrhage, but the effect was insufficient to improve the rate of survival. Mortality of first spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was 18%. These data suggest that the mortality of major complications of liver cirrhosis has considerably decreased during the last two decades, while there was no remarkable improvement in long-term survival. More efficient management of etiologic factors would be required.
Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology/physiopathology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; Human ; Korea ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications/*diagnosis/mortality/*physiopathology ; Liver Neoplasms/etiology/pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peritonitis ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; *Survival Analysis ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with an extension to the inferior vena cava (IVC) or right atrium is uncommon, and its prognosis remains unclear due to the few case reports. In order to elucidate the natural history and treatment outcome, this study investigated advanced HCC patients with an IVC invasion or atrial tumor thrombus. METHODS: Between November 1987 and June 2004, a total of 41 patients were diagnosed as having HCC with IVC or right atrial involvement using the new imaging techniques including a two-dimensional echocardiography. Those patients were stratified into the untreated 'control group' (n=17) and 'treated group' (n=24). The clinical features, treatment outcome and prognosis including patient survival were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the total patients was 55 years (male:female, 33:8). The most common cause of HCC was a hepatitis B virus infection (85.4%), followed by a hepatitis C virus infection (7.4%). According to the Child-Pugh classification, 24 patients were Child-Pugh class A (58.5%), 15 were Child-Pugh class B (36.6%), and 2 were Child-Pugh class C (4.9%). Lung metastases were identified in 10 patients (24.5%). The treatment modalities of the treated group included 11 systemic chemotherapy regimens (5-FU and cisplatin), 10 transarterial chemotherapy regimens, 2 chemoradiation procedures and 1 hepatic resection. The overall survival was 3.0 months (range, 1-29 months). The 6 month survival rate was 23.5% (4/17) in the control group and 29.2% (7/24) in the treated group. The 12 months survival rate was 0% (0/17) and 25.0% (6/24), respectively. Independent prognostic factor affecting the survival was whether or not any treatment had been carried out. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prognosis of advanced HCC with IVC invasion or a right atrial tumor thrombi is poor, treatment might improve the survival rate.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality/*pathology/*therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; *Heart Atria/pathology ; Heart Diseases/*etiology ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/mortality/*pathology/*therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Severity of Illness Index ; Survival Analysis ; Thrombosis/*etiology ; Treatment Outcome ; *Vena Cava, Inferior/pathology