No abstract available.
Aluminum Hydroxide ; Carbonates ; Inflammation

Statistics is the science of data. As the foundation of scientific knowledge, data refers to evidentiary facts from the nature of reality by human action, observation, or experiment. Clinicians should be aware of the conditions of good data to support the validity of clinical modalities in reading scientific articles, one of the resources to revise or update their clinical knowledge and skills. The cause-effect link between clinical modality and outcome is ascertained as pattern statistic. The uniformity of nature guarantees the recurrence of data as the basic scientific evidence. Variation statistics are examined for patterns of recurrence. This provides information on the probability of recurrence of the cause-effect phenomenon. Multiple causal factors of natural phenomenon need a counterproof of absence in terms of the control group. A pattern of relation between a causal factor and an effect becomes recognizable, and thus, should be estimated as relation statistic. The type and meaning of each relation statistic should be well-understood. A study regarding a sample from the population of wide variations require clinicians to be aware of error statistics due to random chance. Incomplete human sense, coarse measurement instrument, and preconceived idea as a hypothesis that tends to bias the research, which gives rise to the necessity of keen critical independent mind with regard to the reported data.
Aluminum Hydroxide ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Carbonates ; Humans ; Recurrence

OBJECTIVE: The anatomical knowledge is the most important and has a direct link with success of operation in cervical spine surgery. The authors measured various cervical parameters in cadaveric dry bones and compared with previous reported results. METHODS: We made 255 dry bones age from 19 to 72 years (mean, 42.3 years) that were obtained from 51 subjects in 100 subjects who donated their bodies. All measurements from C3-C7 levels were made using digital vernier calipers, standard goniometer, and self-made fix tool for two different cervical axes (canal and disc setting). We classified into 4 groups (uncinate process, vertebral body, lamina, and pedicle) and measured independently by two neurosurgeons for 28 parameters. RESULTS: We analyzed 23970 measurements by mean value and standard deviations. In comparing with previous literatures, there are some different results. The mean values for uncinate process (UP) width ranged from 5.5 mm at C4 and 5 to 6.3 mm at C3 and C7 in men. Also, in women, the mean values for UP width ranged from 5.5 mm at C5 to 6.3 mm at C7. C7 was widest and C5 was most narrow than other levels. The antero-posterior length of UP tended to increase gradually from C3 to C6. The tip way, tip distance, and base distance of UP also showed increasing pattern from C3 to C7. CONCLUSION: These measurements can provide the spinal surgeons with a starting point to address bony architectures surrounding targeted soft tissues for safeguard against unintended damages during cervical operation.
Aluminum Hydroxide ; Cadaver ; Carbonates ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Spine

A major goal in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling of neuromuscular blockade (NMB) is to quantitatively estimate the dose-response relationship.Our PK/PD model consists of three submodels:PK, link kinetics, and PD.A virtual effect compartment in which the drug concentration is in equilibrium with the observed concentration is used to extract the kinetic component (keo) from the pharmacodynamic data alone.Parameters of this model are keo, Ce(50), and gamma.The underlying structural pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for NMB have been well understood, and new novel PK/PD models have been substituted for the gold standard PK/PD model for NMB.The purpose of this review was to describe progress in the field of PK/PD modeling of NMB from the first model, a simultaneous PK/PD model developed by Sheiner et al in the 1970s, to some of the more complicated models.Specific PK/PD models, which accurately described the behaviors of rocuronium, mivacurium, atracurium, and cisatracurium, include the recirculatory model, the peripheral link model, the peripheral elimination model, and a nonparametric model for link kinetics.
Aluminum Hydroxide ; Androstanols ; Atracurium ; Carbonates ; Isoquinolines ; Kinetics ; Neuromuscular Blockade

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chain installation condition on stress distribution that could eventually cause disastrous failure from sudden deformation and geometric rupture. METHODS: Fractographic method used for the failed chain indicates that over-stress was considered as the root cause of failure. 3D modeling and finite element analysis for the chain, used in a crane hook, were performed with a three-dimensional interactive application program, CATIA, commercial finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamic software, ANSYS. RESULTS: The results showed that the state of stress was changed depending on the initial position of the chain that was installed in the hook. Especially, the magnitude of the stress was strongly affected by the bending forces, which are 2.5 times greater (under the simulation condition currently investigated) than that from the plain tensile load. Also, it was noted that the change of load state is strongly related to the failure of parts. The chain can hold an ultimate load of about 8 tons with only the tensile load acting on it. CONCLUSION: The conclusions of this research clearly showed that a reduction of the loss from similar incidents can be achieved when an operator properly handles the installation of the chain.
Accidents, Occupational ; Aluminum Hydroxide ; Carbonates ; Finite Element Analysis ; Hydrodynamics

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chain installation condition on stress distribution that could eventually cause disastrous failure from sudden deformation and geometric rupture. METHODS: Fractographic method used for the failed chain indicates that over-stress was considered as the root cause of failure. 3D modeling and finite element analysis for the chain, used in a crane hook, were performed with a three-dimensional interactive application program, CATIA, commercial finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamic software, ANSYS. RESULTS: The results showed that the state of stress was changed depending on the initial position of the chain that was installed in the hook. Especially, the magnitude of the stress was strongly affected by the bending forces, which are 2.5 times greater (under the simulation condition currently investigated) than that from the plain tensile load. Also, it was noted that the change of load state is strongly related to the failure of parts. The chain can hold an ultimate load of about 8 tons with only the tensile load acting on it. CONCLUSION: The conclusions of this research clearly showed that a reduction of the loss from similar incidents can be achieved when an operator properly handles the installation of the chain.
Accidents, Occupational ; Aluminum Hydroxide ; Carbonates ; Finite Element Analysis ; Hydrodynamics

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The semiquantitative parameter "standard uptake value" (SUV) of 18Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) provides important additional information about colorectal cancer. In general, colorectal cancers exhibit different growth patterns with different clinicopathological characteristics. The aim of this study was to elucidate the link between the macroscopic appearance of colorectal cancers and maximum SUV (SUVmax) FDG uptakes. METHODS: We analyzed 347 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent PET scanning before treatment. The SUVmax of colorectal cancer was analyzed by examining PET images. The macroscopic appearance of each colorectal cancer was classified into three major types: ulcerofungating (n=223), ulceroinfiltrating (n=44), and fungating (n=78). Two cases that were difficult to classify were excluded from the study. RESULTS: The SUVmax was higher in colorectal cancers with an ulcerofungating appearance (12.19+/-5.84, mean+/-standard deviation) and ulceroinfiltrating appearance (11.66+/-5.63) than in those with a fungating appearance (9.58+/-6.67; P=0.005) (ulcerofungating and ulceroinfiltrative vs. fungating, P<0.001). A smaller tumor size (P<0.001) were significantly related to the fungating colorectal cancer. Four out of six colorectal cancers that did not show FDG uptake were the fungating type. CONCLUSIONS: Colorectal cancers with a fungating appearance exhibit a lower SUVmax, shallower invasion and smaller tumor size. Our results indicate that colorectal cancers with a fungating appearance would be less prominent on PET scan than those with an ulcerofungating or ulceroinfiltrating appearance, and thus require more attention.
Aluminum Hydroxide ; Carbonates ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Electrons ; Humans ; Positron-Emission Tomography

Conventional gamma sterilization could induce substantial oxidative degradation during subsequent storage of the PE component in air and during their use in vivo. This oxidative degradation may induce high wear rates, delamination and/or gross fracture of the affected PE component. An improved understanding of the effects of cross-linking and oxidation on ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has lead to the common use of oxygen-protected packing during radiation sterilization and shelf storage. More recently, methods to deliberately highly cross link UHMWPE while reducing the material's potential to oxidize have been develop in the form of highly cross linked UHMWPE. We reviewed the manufacturing, sterilization, cross linking methods and clinical results of the new polyethylene.
Aluminum Hydroxide ; Arthroplasty ; Carbonates ; Hip ; Molecular Weight ; Polyethylene ; Polyethylenes ; Sterilization

Depression and executive dysfunction are common neuropsychiatric sequelae of stroke. Patients with stroke are more predisposed to depression and executive dysfunction compared to patients with similar degree of physical disability. Both depression and executive dysfunction are also associated with poor prognosis such as high mortality and delayed recovery after stroke. Complex neurobiological and anatomical mechanisms are associated with the development of depression and executive dysfunction after stroke. Activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines is thought to be associated with onset of depression, whereas injuries in frontal-subcortical circuit are thought to be a link between depression and executive dysfunction. Early detection of depressive symptoms and both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment would be helpful. In this review paper, the authors investigated 1) biological and neuroanatomical substrate for poststroke depression and executive dysfunction, 2) the relationship and common etiopathology for poststroke depression and executive dysfunction, and 3) pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment for poststroke depression. The contents of the paper are as follows : the prevalence, clinical manifestation, and biological etiology for poststroke depression, neuroanatomical abnormalities as a common etiological factor for depression and executive dysfunction, pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacological approach.
Aluminum Hydroxide ; Carbonates ; Cytokines ; Depression ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Prognosis ; Stroke

We studied the effects of three inorganic carbon sources, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and CO2, and their initial concentrations on lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris. Chlorella vulgaris could utilize Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and CO2 to produce lipids. After 10-day cultivation with each of the three inorganic carbon sources, lipid yield of Chlorella vulgaris reached its peak with the concentration increase of the inorganic carbon source, but dropped again by further increase of the concentration. The pH value of the culture medium for Chlorella vulgaris increased after the cultivation on inorganic carbon source. The optimal concentration of both Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 was 40 mmol/L, and their corresponding biomass dry weight was 0.52 g/L and 0.67 g/L with their corresponding lipid yield 0.19 g/L and 0.22 g/L. When the concentration of CO2 was 6%, Chlorella vulgaris grew the fastest and its biomass dry weight was 2.42 g/L with the highest lipid yield of 0.72 g/L. When the concentration of CO2 was too low, the supply of inorganic carbon was insufficient and lipid yield was low. A too high concentration of CO2 caused a low pH and lipid accumulation was inhibited. Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 were more favorable for Chlorella vulgaris to accumulate unsaturated fatty acids than that of CO2.
Biofuels ; Carbon ; metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide ; pharmacology ; Carbonates ; pharmacology ; Chlorella vulgaris ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Culture Media ; Culture Techniques ; methods ; Lipids ; biosynthesis ; Sodium Bicarbonate ; pharmacology