OBJECTIVES: To establish a carbofuran intragastric administration death model in rabbits, and to observe the postmortem distribution and postmortem redistribution of carbofuran-7-phenyl glucuronic acid (Glu-7PH) in rabbits. METHODS: The postmortem distribution: Rabbits were given an administration of 1/2LD50, LD50, 2LD50 carbofuran. Dead rabbits were dissected immediately. Rabbits that had remained alive 2 hours were sacrificed by carbon dioxide (CO₂) inhalation and dissected immediately. The myocardium, cardiac blood, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain and right hindlimb muscle were collected. The postmortem redistribution: After giving an administration of 4LD50 carbofuran, the myocardium, cardiac blood, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, and right hindlimb muscle were collected at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postmortem in supine position at 15 ℃ room temperature. The quantity of Glu-7PH was determined by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS: The postmortem distribution: Among the three dose groups, there were significant differences in the quantities of Glu-7PH in different tissues. The postmortem redistribution: There was no significant difference in the Glu-7PH quantities in cardiac blood, mycardium, spleen, kidney, brain and right hindlimb muscle, but there was a significant difference in the Glu-7PH quantities in the liver and lung. CONCLUSIONS The mycardium, cardiac blood, liver, lung, kidney, brain and hindlimb muscle of rabbits can be used as appropriate samples for Glu-7PH detection. However, it should be noted that Glu-7PH was redistributed postmortem in rabbit liver and lung.
Animals ; Rabbits ; Carbofuran ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Postmortem Changes ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Autopsy

The aquatic quality of the Naktong river after two of three months in June, 1991 with phenol spillage from a electrical factory in Kumi was investigated. The samples were collected at six sites of the Naktong river basin and Kachang and Kongsan lakes. Phenol was not detected from all water samples. Turbidity was very much increased to the down stream in the Naktong river. The BOD and COD values exceeded the 2nd grade(3 mg/l) of the Korean standard quality of Environmental Water Act at the all sampling sites of the Naktong river. Especially, the value of COD at Kaejin (12.5 mg/l) was poorly classified as to the 5th grade of water class for the environmental quality standards. Organophosphorous pesticides such as parathion, malathion, fenitrothion and diazinon were investigated but not detected. Diazinon was only detected at the Ilson bridge(1.42 ppb), Okkye stream(6.95 ppb), Waekwan bridge(0.32 ppb), Gangjung reservior(0.13 ppb), Kaejin(0.05 ppb). Of the carbamates such as carbanyl, isoprocarb and cabofuran, the carbofuran was detected all sites except tap water, and Kachang and Kongsan lakes. The content of heavy metals such ans Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Hg were not exceeding for drinking water standards at the all sampling region, but only mecury was detected from Okkye stream(0.018ppb) and Kaejin(0.09ppb). In the regions of Kachang and Kongsan lakes, the content of heavy metals were lower than that of reservoir of Naktong river.
Carbamates ; Carbofuran ; Diazinon ; Drinking Water ; Fenitrothion ; Gyeongsangbuk-do* ; Korea* ; Lakes ; Malathion ; Metals, Heavy ; Parathion ; Pesticides ; Phenol* ; Rivers* ; Water ; Water Quality

BACKGROUND: Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides have been used extensively in agriculture resulting in serious increases in poisoning. Levels of poisoning by carbamates and organic phosphorus compounds and the severity of associated symptoms are dependent not only on the degree of reduction of acetylcholinesterase activity in the nervous system but also on the rate of inhibition and the type of inhibitive action. The most striking differences between the clinical effects of the two groups of compounds are the much more rapid and spontaneous recovery from poisoning by carbamates and the relatively large difference between the smallest dosage of any carbamate that will cause mild illness and the lethal dosage of the same compound. The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical characteristics of acute intoxication by organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics of 41 patients poisoned with organophsphates and 12 patients poisoned with carbamates, who were admitted to the department of internal medicine, Soonchunhyang Chunan hospital from January 1995 to December 1996. RESULTS: 1) The most common organophosphate was EPN (9 cases) followed by Dichlorvos (7 cases). In the carbamates group, Carbofuran (5 cases) was the most common followed by Methomyl (3 cases).2) The main cause of poisoning was ingestion for the purpose of suicide in both groups.3) The severity of poisoning was more acute in the organophosphate group than in the carbamate group.4) Altered consciousness and respiratory depression occurred more frequently in the organophosphate group than in the carbamate group. Six cases out of the organophosphate group suffered from respiratory depression 24 hours to 96 hours after poisoning.5) The activity of serum cholinesterase showed no significant difference between poisoning with organophosphates and with carbamates.6) The mortality rate was 22% in organophosphate intoxication and 16.7% in carbamate intoxication. The most common complication of organophosphate and carbamate intoxication was aspiration pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Carbamate insecticides exhibited less toxicity than organophosphates.
Acetylcholinesterase ; Agriculture ; Carbamates ; Carbofuran ; Cholinesterases ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Consciousness ; Dichlorvos ; Eating ; Humans ; Insecticides* ; Internal Medicine ; Methomyl ; Mortality ; Nervous System ; Organophosphates ; Phosphorus Compounds ; Pneumonia, Aspiration ; Poisoning* ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Retrospective Studies ; Strikes, Employee ; Suicide

Construction of multifunctional pesticides-degrading genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) is increasing important in the bioremediation of various pesticides contaminants in environment. However, construction of genetically stable GEMs without any exogenous antibiotic resistance is thought to be one of the bottlenecks in GEMs construction. In this article, homologous recombination vectors with the recipient's 16S rDNA as homologous recombination directing sequence (HRDS) and sacB gene as double crossover recombinants positive selective marker were firstly constructed. The methyl parathion hydroalse gene (mpd) was inserted into the 16S rDNA site of the carbofuran degrading strain Sphingomonas sp. CDS-1 by homologous recombination single crossover in the level of about 3.7 x 10-(7) - 6.8 x 10(-7). Multifunctional pesticides-degrading GEMs with one or two mpd genes inserted into the chromosome without any antibiotic marker were successfully constructed. The homologous recombination events were confirmed by PCR and southern blot methods. The obtained GEMs were genetically stable and could degrade methyl parathion and carbofuran simultaneously. The insertion of mpd gene into rrn site did not have any significant effect on recipient' s physiological and original degrading characteristics. The methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) was expressed at a relatively high level in the recombinants and the recombinant MPH specific activity in cell lysate was higher than that of original bacterium (DLL-1) in every growth phase tested. The highest recombinant MPH specific activity was 6.22 mu/tg. In this article, we describe a first attempt to use rRNA-encoding regions of Sphingomonas strains as target site for expression of exogenous MPH, and constructed multifunctional pesticides degrading GEMs, which are genetically stable and promising for developing bioremediation strategies for the decontamination of pesticides polluted soils.
Biodegradation, Environmental ; Carbofuran ; metabolism ; Environmental Pollutants ; metabolism ; Genetic Markers ; Insecticides ; metabolism ; Organisms, Genetically Modified ; genetics ; metabolism ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; genetics ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sphingomonas ; genetics ; metabolism

Studies were conducted under pot conditions to determine the comparative efficacy of carbofuran at 1 mg a.i./kg soil, bavistin at 1 mg a.i./kg soil, neem (Azadirachta indica) seed powder at 50 mg/kg soil, green mould (Trichoderma harzianum) at 50.0 ml/kg soil, rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens) at 50.0 ml/kg soil against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita-wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum disease complex on green gram, Vigna radiata cv ML-1108. All the treatments significantly improved the growth of the plants as compared to untreated inoculated plants. Analysis of data showed that carbofuran and A. indica seed powder increased plant growth and yield significantly more in comparison to bavistin and P. fluorescens. Carbofuran was highly effective against nematode, bavistin against fungus, A. indica seed powder against both the pathogens and both the bioagents were moderately effective against both the pathogens.
Animals ; Benzimidazoles ; administration & dosage ; Carbamates ; administration & dosage ; Carbofuran ; administration & dosage ; Fusarium ; drug effects ; pathogenicity ; Glycerides ; administration & dosage ; Pest Control ; methods ; Phaseolus ; drug effects ; microbiology ; parasitology ; Plant Diseases ; microbiology ; parasitology ; Terpenes ; administration & dosage ; Tylenchoidea ; drug effects ; microbiology ; pathogenicity

Experiments were carried out to study the effect of two fungal bioagents along with mustard oil cake and furadan against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato under greenhouse condition. Bioagents viz., Paecilomyces lilacinus and Trichoderma viride alone or in combination with mustard cake and furadan promoted plant growth, reduced number of galls/plant, egg masses/root system and eggs/egg mass. The fungal bioagents along with mustard cake and nematicide showed least nematodes reproduction factor as compared to untreated infested soil.
Animals ; Carbofuran ; pharmacology ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; drug effects ; growth & development ; parasitology ; Mustard Plant ; chemistry ; Paecilomyces ; Pest Control, Biological ; methods ; Plant Oils ; pharmacology ; Plant Roots ; drug effects ; growth & development ; parasitology ; Trichoderma ; Tylenchoidea ; drug effects ; growth & development ; microbiology