No abstract available.
Capnography*

No abstract available.
Capnography* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Capnography ; Humans

Unidirectional valve malfunction causes re-breathing of expired gas during anesthesia. Capnography is a useful method for monitoring the integrity of anesthetic equipment such as the unidirectional valves in a circular system. We report, here a case in which the capnography did not sound any rebreathing alarm, but the capnogram showed a prolonged plateau, an apparently short inspiratory period and a gradually sloping descending limb that stopped just short of baseline. As a result, capnography helped to identify an inspiratory unidirectional valve malfunction during the course of anesthesia. This study emphasizes the need to analyze the capnogram during every procedure involving anesthesia, in addition to preoperative checking of the Unidirectional valve.
Anesthesia ; Capnography ; Extremities

Malfunction of the unidirectional valve in a breathing circuit system may cause hypercapnia from the rebreathing of expired gas, ventilation failure, and barotrauma. Capnography is a useful method for monitoring the integrity of the unidirectional valve. We experienced two cases of malfunction of a unidirectional valve which caused leakage and reverse flow, diagnosed early as a change of the capnographic waveform. One case was caused by expiratory unidirectional valve breakage. The other was caused by an incorrectly-assembled inspiratory unidirectional valve.
Barotrauma ; Capnography ; Hypercapnia ; Respiration ; Ventilation

With the rapid development of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed outside the operating room (OR), the need for appropriate sedation care has emerged in importance to ensure the safety and comfort of patients and clinicians. The preparation and administration of sedatives and sedation care outside the OR require careful attention, proper monitoring systems, and clinically useful sedation guidelines. This literature review addresses proper monitoring and selection of sedatives for diagnostic and interventional procedures outside the OR. As the depth of sedation increases, respiratory depression and cardiovascular suppression become serious, necessitating careful surveillance using appropriate monitoring equipment.
Capnography ; Dexmedetomidine ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Operating Rooms ; Respiratory Insufficiency

BACKGROUND: The capnographic curve indices, such as the slope of expiratory upstroke or alveolar plateau quantified by using the waveform of the capnogram, are correlated with obstructive airway disease. Some studies also have shown good correlations between these indices and FEV1 or PEFR, which are objective measurements for the classification of severity in asthma. We performed this study to suggest the feasibility of using expiratory capnography for monitoring asthmatic subjects in emergency departments(ED). METHODS: One hundred adult patients diagnosed with bronchial asthma were enrolled in this study. Using main-stream-type capnography(ULTRA CAP, Nellcor, USA), the angles alpha and Q on the capnographic trace were measured; then, the slope of expiratory upstroke(S1) was calculated. Patients were allocated by using the classifying severity of asthma exacerbation of the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program(NAEPP), and the capnographic indices were compared. A measured values of the angle Q for all patients were classified into 3 categories by the percentile; then, the correlation between the category of the angle Q and the classifying severity was analyzed. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the angle Q according to the severity of the asthma. Also, there was a significant correlation between the category of the angle Q and the classifying severity of asthma exacerbation. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that expiratory capnography would be a useful monitoring technique for adult asthmatic patients and for the triage of asthmatic patients in an ED setting, provided the capnographic indices are measured as rapidly as possible. Therefore, we look forward to the development of a computerized analysis program for easy measurement and quantification of capnographic indices.
Adult ; Asthma* ; Capnography ; Classification ; Education ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Humans ; Peak Expiratory Flow Rate ; Triage

BACKGROUND: The monitoring of end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PETCO2) and oxygen supply may be required in spontaneously breathing patients during spinal anesthesia, particulary in cases involving high spinal block, underlying pulmonary disease, and use of a sedative drug. We investigated changes in PETCO2 and arterial oxygen tension versus oxygen flow rate via a nasal cannula, and the correlation between arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and PETCO2 in spontaneously breathing patients during spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Thirty adult patients participated in this study. We performed spinal anesthesia with an optimal dose of heavy marcaine. After determining the sensory blockade level, PETCO2 was sampled from hub of a 14-gauge central catheter piercing one of the two nasal oxygen prongs, and oxygen flow rates (2, 3, 4 or 5 L/min) were measured by on-line capnography. The oxygen flow rates were varied every 5 minutes, and PETCO2 values and arterial samples for PaCO2 and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) analysis were obtained at the end of each 5-minute period. RESULTS: No significant difference in PETCO2 was observed at the different oxygen flow rates. The results show that PETCO2 correlates closely with PaCO2 irrespective of oxygen flow rate. The PaO2 values were; 155.7 +/- 26.3, 192.7 +/- 36.6, 217.0 +/- 40.6 and 241.4 +/- 51.3 mmHg at nasal oxygen flow rates of 2, 3, 4 and 5 L/min, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of PETCO2 via this nasal cannula was useful for continuous, noninvasive monitoring during spinal anesthesia irrespective of oxygen flow rate.
Adult ; Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Bupivacaine ; Capnography ; Carbon Dioxide ; Catheters* ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; Oxygen* ; Respiration

Studies were made to ascertain the relationship between arterial and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension in 19 patients during caesarean section under general anesthesia(Group 2). 27 nonpregnant patients scheduled for abdominal hysterectomy were also performed as a control group(Group I). 15 and 30 minutes after the induction of anesthesia in group I, and just before uterine incision, 15 minutes following induction in group 2, arterial blood was sampled for PaCO analysis and PETCO2(end-tidal CO2 tension) determined at the same time. In group 1, there was a statistically significant differences between PaCO2 and PETCO2 but in group 2, no differences between them were shown. The highly significant correlations between PaCO2 and PETCO2 in both groups were found. On the basis of the above results, we recommend that non-invasive measurement of PETCO2 can be used reliably in stead of measuring PaO2 to evaluate the ventilatory status during anesthesia in patients for caesarean section.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Capnography ; Carbon Dioxide* ; Carbon* ; Cesarean Section* ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Pregnancy

Studies were made to ascertain the relationship between arterial and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension in 19 patients during caesarean section under general anesthesia(Group 2). 27 nonpregnant patients scheduled for abdominal hysterectomy were also performed as a control group(Group I). 15 and 30 minutes after the induction of anesthesia in group I, and just before uterine incision, 15 minutes following induction in group 2, arterial blood was sampled for PaCO analysis and PETCO2(end-tidal CO2 tension) determined at the same time. In group 1, there was a statistically significant differences between PaCO2 and PETCO2 but in group 2, no differences between them were shown. The highly significant correlations between PaCO2 and PETCO2 in both groups were found. On the basis of the above results, we recommend that non-invasive measurement of PETCO2 can be used reliably in stead of measuring PaO2 to evaluate the ventilatory status during anesthesia in patients for caesarean section.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Capnography ; Carbon Dioxide* ; Carbon* ; Cesarean Section* ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Pregnancy