Vaccine is expected to be a promising tool for malaria prevention and control.However, safe and effe-ctive malaria vaccine is not yet available for field use so far.They can be pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine, blood stage vac-cine and transmission-blocking vaccine.This review summarizes the progress of the vaccine development in the recent field trials.

Objective: To investigate the effects of surface sealing on the shear bond strength(SBS) of the brackets. Methods: Twenty extracted premolars for orthodontics were cut into the buccofacial teeth pieces and etched by Transbond~TM Plus self-etching primers for 30 seconds firstly, then divided into two groups with 10 teeth pieces in each group randomly. ① experiment group, the buccal surface of the enamel was sealed with Filtek Flow 1400A3 flowable composite resin before bracket bonding;②control group, the bracket was bonded to the buccal surface of the enamel directly. All specimens were stored in deionized water at 37 ℃ for 48 h, thermocycled for 1 000 times at 30-second intervals between 5 ℃ and 55 ℃ water baths, and debonded with a universal testing machine. The amounts of resin remaining on the teeth pieces after debonding by using the resin remnant index (RRI), which were examined under 10×magnification stereo-microscope. Results: The SBS(MPa) between experiment group and control group was 8.08±1.38, 8.34±1.37 respectively, whereas the RRI was 2.80±1.03, 3.20±1.03 respectively. The SBS, RRI between experimental group and control group revealed no statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Surface sealing shows adequate bond strength, which is considered a clinically acceptable bond strength. The debonding of bracket is not affected by the surface sealing.

3D visualized reconstruction of human hollow structures from noninvasive medical imaging data is very important to medical diagnosis of the inner surface of hollow structures,medical education and surgical planning.However,due to the particular structures and characteristics of hollows,how to exactly and intuitively visualize the 3D structure and shape of the inner surface of a hollow structure is still a difficult issue in the field of medical visualization.A review of recent development of visualization techniques for human hollow structures is given in this article.Techniques including virtual endoscopy,virtual flattening,virtual cutting and color mapping ale described and compared.The advantages and disadvantages of each technology are pointed out.The future development of visualization techniques for hollow structures is also discussed.

The syndrome of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM)includes not only abnor-mal glucose metabolism but also specific microvascular complications that include nephropathy,retinopathy and neuropathy.In the short term,improvement in the quality of life and possible prevention of further morbidity associated with diabetes makes pancreas trans-plantation an important therapeutic option,particularly when combined with a kidney trans-plant,in appropriately selected diabetic patients.The focus of the early management of the pancreas transplant recipient is the prevention of acute rejection.In this article we review the methods for clinical diagnosis of the early acute rejection due to pancreas transplanta-tion.

This review summarized the current progress in the pathogenesis of leptin-mediated liver disease including fatty liver, hepatitis,fibrosis or cirrhosis. Analysis of leptin effect on activation of hepatic Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells was made and molecular mechanism and signal pathways were also discussed.

Objective To explore the oxidation stress effects of nitrogen monoxide (NO) on rats' hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl_4). Methods Thirty-four male Wistar rats were subcutaneously given CCl_4 to induce hepatic fibrosis model. Six additional rats were chosen to serve as control group. Histological sections of liver of the animals were stained by H & E and Massons staining. NO in serum, malon-dialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissue were determined. Results At 7th week, grade 2 or 3 of hepatic fibrosis was reproduced, in which fibrous tissue formed fibrous septa, around the portal areas stretching into hepatic lobules. The structure of the hepatic lobules was intact or disarranged, but there was no signs of cirrhosis. There was moderate fatty change and vacuolar degeneration of heputocytes. The level of serum NO increased significantly (152.8?12.30?mol/L vs. 11.03?1.95?mol/L, P

Objective:To study the mesiodistal teeth size and the relationship between upper and lower teeth dimension of normal occlusion from Han Chinese in Xi'an. Methods: 52 males and 55 females with normal occlusion were selected. The mesiodistal width of each tooth was measured using a vernier gauge caliper. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: For the 107 cases with normal occlusion, the mean and standard deviation of the teeth size were calculated. There were significant differences between males and females in maxillary incisors, canines, first molar and mandibular canines, premolars. The normal range was obtained for the anterior and overall tooth size ratio(anterior ratio:78.32?3.01 overall ratio:91.10?2.27); and the regression equation that was used to quantify the tooth size discrepancies was expressed according to the significant correlation between the upper and lower tooth (r anterior=0.754, rtotal=0.851). Conclusion: There is a relationship between upper and lower teeth dimension. Sex difference should be considered when tooth size was used in clinic.

Objective To investigate the application of white light emitting diode (LED) in magnetic resonance room, in order to resolve the damageable problem of incandescent lights under the high magnetic field. Methods The white LEDs and the incandescent lights were installed in MR room, the number of damaged lights was compared after 300 hours. Chi-square test was used for the statistical analysis. And the illuminance and 50 000 hours electricity consumption between LED and incandescent lights were calculated. Results The number of damaged LED and incandescent lights was 2 and 32, respectively and there was a significant difference (χ~2 =48.813 ,P =0.000). The illuminance of the LED and incandescent lights was 155 lx and 100 lX at the 0.75 m horizontal level and the 50 000 hours electricity consumption was 200 kW and 5000 kW, respectively. Conclusion It is feasible and a great advantage to use the white LEDs in MR room lighting.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of cardioplegic solution containing different concentrations of Shenfu injectio on isolated rabbit heart against ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)injury.Methods Forty adult long-ear white rabbits weighing 3.8-4.2 kg were anesthetized with intraperitoneal thiopental 40 mg?kg~(-1).Heparin 4 mg?kg~(-1) was injected Ⅳ.Hearts were immediately removed and mounted on a Langendorff apparatus and perfused via aorta with Krebs-Henseleit solution aerated at 37℃ with 95 % O_2 and 5 % CO_2.Forty isolated hearts were randomly divided into 5 groups(n=8 each):control group in which cardiac arrest was induced with St Thomas hyperkkaelemic cardioplegic solution and 4 Shenfu groups(SF)in which cardiac arrest was induced with St Thomas cardioplegic solution containing different concentrations of Shenfu injectio:1%(SF1), 5%(SF5),10%(SF10)and 15%(SF15).All hearts in the 5 groups were subjected to global ischemia for 45 min followed by 40 min reperfusion.Coronary effluent was collected after reperfusion for determination of CK-MB activity.Mitochondria were isolated arid Ca~(2+) and MDA content was measured.Myocardial ultrastructure was observed using electron microscope.Mitochondrial injury was assessed by using Flameng score and stereology(NA and ?).Results The CK-MB activity in coronary effluent,mitochondrial MDA and Ca~(2+) content and Flameng score were decreased and NA was increased in group SF1,SF5 and SF10 as compared with control group(P＜ 0.05 or 0.01).The ? of mitochondria was increased in group SF5 and SF10 as compared with control group(P＜ 0.01).The CK-MB activity and Ca~(2+) content were increased and MDA content was decreased in group SF15 as compared with control group(P＜0.05).The pathological damage to myocardium was significantly less in group SF5 and SF10 than in control group.Conclusion Shenfu injectio added to St Thomas cardioplegic solution at concentration of 5%～10% can protect myocardial mitochondria against I/R injury.

The diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) have make remarkable progress, which were reviewed in the 57th American Society of Hematology (ASH) annual meeting. In this annual meeting, the effects of advanced proteasome inhibitor (PI), antibody, checkpoint blockade, immunomodulatory agent (IMiD), histone deacetylase (HDACI) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T), and new diagnostic technologies were reported. The real point is to apply the best available diagnosis and therapy at this meeting. At present, regardless of advances, all of randomized clinical trials push to combined agents, and combined with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, efficacy will be improved in further. So some professors also refered to 2015 year as 'the advance year of MM'.