No abstract available.
Canada* ; Gastrointestinal Tract*

No abstract available.
Canada* ; Clinical Competence*

Resident training programs in South Korea lag far behind that of advanced countries. Given the problems the current system in South Korea has, it is time to consider a new resident training system, resident training for general competencies. Training for the general competencies was practiced in medical fields in advanced countries such as the USA, Canada, and the UK as early as 20 years ago. This system has rendered itself a key component of resident training. Although a few theoretical procedures on general competencies have been practiced in South Korea, the awareness of this concept is still very weak, and the application of the theory to actual training is a long way off from becoming effective. It is urgent for South Korea to adopt competency- and outcome-based training for general competencies. To this end, the knowledge of the concept of this type of training should be improved. Also, the system should be carefully designed to cover a doctor's whole career, and be applied immediately. The competency- and outcome-based training for general competencies is a system that assures high level qualifications. It reflects the needs of our society under the recognition that a professional organization should be committed and accountable in order to respond to social demands. As the benefits of the new training system reach the public and medical care consumers, training-related expenses should be borne by social costs.
Canada ; Education ; Korea ; Societies

This paper explores the issues surrounding international nurse migration to Canada. Within the context of Karl Marx's idea of a "disposable industrial reserve army [of labor]" (Magdoff & Magdoff, p. 20; Marx, 1887, p. 438), this paper posits that internationally educated nurses (IENs) are viewed as disposable labour who have the potential to assume different labour requirements needed by the receiving nation state (Magdoff & Magdoff, p. 26). This paper provides a brief background of international nurse migration in history and literature. It proceeds to explore the issue of gendered and racialized labour, and a more focused discussion of the current state and pathways of IEN migration to, and the plight of IENs in Canada.

The history of education and legislation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and acupuncture in Canada is short. The first school of TCM opened its door to the general public in Canada in 1985 and the first legislation of acupuncture was introduced in Alberta, Canada in 1988. Currently, TCM and/or acupuncture have been regulated in five provinces in Canada. The legislation and regulation, as well as education of TCM and acupuncture vary among the five provinces in Canada. Opportunities and challenges facing TCM education exist simultaneously. Strategies are proposed to develop an international standard for TCM education in Canada, and possibly in other English speaking countries as well.
Canada ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Cyclic esotropia is a very rare and specific entity. Cyclic esotropia is sometimes developed in a patient following strabismus surgery for intermittent exotropia. The term of 'consecutive cyclic esotropia' was suggested for this clinical entity. Three cases of consecutive cyclic esotropia have been reported in U.S.A., Canada and Japan, and only one case has been reported in Korea. We experienced two cases of consecutive cyclic esotropia which developed 10 months and 1 year after strabismus surgery for intermittent exotropia at our hospital. The patients underwent bimedial rectus recessions and results are uniformly good, with straight eyes and fusion. The cyclic pattern does not recur. We report these patients with a review of the literature.
Canada ; Esotropia* ; Exotropia* ; Humans ; Japan ; Korea ; Strabismus*

In early May 2003, a small group of four, including three family physicians and a media person, visited various family medicine education and training facilities in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. This paper is a brief discussion of what knowledge and insight was gained during this trip.
Alberta* ; Canada* ; Education ; Humans ; Physicians, Family

OBJECTIVES: To explore alcohol perceptions and their association hazardous alcohol use in the populations of Alberta, Canada and Queensland, Australia. METHODS: Data from 2500 participants of the 2013 Alberta Survey and the 2013 Queensland Social Survey was analyzed. Regression analyses were used to explore the association between alcohol perceptions and its association with hazardous alcohol use. RESULTS: Greater hazardous alcohol use was found in Queenslanders than Albertans (p < 0.001). Overall, people with hazardous alcohol were less likely to believe that alcohol use contributes to health problems (odds ratio [OR], 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27 to 0.78; p < 0.01) and to a higher risk of injuries (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.90; p < 0.05). Albertans with hazardous alcohol use were less likely to believe that alcohol contributes to health problems (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.92; p < 0.05) and were also less likely to choose a highly effective strategy as the best way for the government to reduce alcohol problems (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.91; p=0.01). Queenslanders with hazardous alcohol use were less likely to believe that alcohol was a major contributor to injury (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.77; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that people with hazardous alcohol use tend to underestimate the negative effect of alcohol consumption on health and its contribution to injuries. In addition, Albertans with hazardous alcohol use were less in favor of strategies considered highly effective to reduce alcohol harm, probably because they perceive them as a potential threat to their own alcohol consumption. These findings represent valuable sources of information for local health authorities and policymakers when designing suitable strategies to target alcohol-related problems.
Alberta ; Alcohol Drinking ; Australia ; Canada ; Queensland

The 9th Global Conference for Health Promotion has been held in Shanghai after 30 years of the first Global Conference for Health Promotion in Ottawa, Canada. In the conference, the delegated members of the countries declared ‘Shanghai Declaration on promoting health in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.’ In the declaration, the delegated members of country had agreed that health is one of the ‘most effective markers’ of any city's successful sustainable development and contributes to make cities inclusive, safe, and resilient for the whole population and ‘health literacy’ empowers individual citizens and enables their engagement in collective health promotion action. And in a parallel session ‘Mayors Forum’, they had consensus for health city and they adopted ‘Shanghai Consensus on Healthy Cities’. They recognized their political responsibility to create the conditions for every resident of every city to lead more healthy, safe, and fulfilling lives and to support the full realization of human potential and capabilities at all ages in the city environment.
Canada ; Consensus ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Health Promotion* ; Humans

The Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome (CCS) is a monfamilial disorder of adults characterized by diffuse gastro-intestinal polyposis, ectodermal changes consisting of alopecia, dystrophy of nails and cutaneous hyper-pigmentation. The pathogenesis and the causes of CCS remain unknwon but the symptoms such as diarrhea and malnutrition are generally progressive, and the prognosis is knwon to be poor. Though the definitive treatment is not well known, it has been reported that the conservative management is the most important treatment, and that the clinical sourse can be reversible. One case was experienced involving Cronkhite-Canada Syndromen in a patient who was managed by conservative treatment and an other who was treated by corticosteroid. These two cases are reported herein with a review of corresponding literature.
Adult ; Alopecia ; Canada* ; Diarrhea ; Ectoderm ; Humans ; Intestinal Polyposis ; Malnutrition ; Prognosis