OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of camphorquinone (CQ)-amine ratio on the C=C double bond conversion of resins with binary and ternary photoinitiation systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two monomer mixtures (37.5 Bis-GMA/37.5 Bis-EMA/25 TEGDMA) with binary systems (CQ/DMAEMA in weight ratio, group A [0.5/1.0] and B [1.0/0.5]) and four mixtures with ternary system (CQ/OPPI/DMAEMA, group C [0.1/1.0/0.1], D [0.1/1.0/0.2], E [0.2/1.0/0.1] and F [0.2/1.0/0.2]) were tested: 1 : 2 or 2 : 1 CQ-amine ratio in binary system, while 1 : 1 ratio was added in ternary system. The monomer mixture was cured for 5, 20, 40, and 300 sec with a Demetron 400 curing unit (Demetron). After each exposure time, degree of conversion (DC) was estimated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer (Nicolet 520, Nicolet Instrument Corp.). The results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Scheffe test, with p = 0.05 as the level of significance. RESULTS: DC (%) was expressed in the order of curing time (5, 20, 40, and 300 sec). Group A (14.63 +/- 10.42, 25.23 +/- 6.32, 51.62 +/- 2.69, 68.52 +/- 2.77); Group B (4.04 +/- 6.23, 16.56 +/- 3.38, 37.95 +/- 2.79, 64.48 +/- 1.21); Group C (16.87 +/- 5.72, 55.47 +/- 2.75, 60.83 +/- 2.07, 68.32 +/- 3.31); Group D (23.77 +/- 1.64, 61.05 +/- 1.82, 65.13 +/- 2.09, 71.87 +/- 1.17); Group E (28.66 +/- 2.92, 56.68 +/- 1.33, 60.66 +/- 1.17, 68.78 +/- 1.30); Group F (39.74 +/- 6.31, 61.07 +/- 2.58, 64.22 +/- 2.29, 69.94 +/- 2.15). CONCLUSION: All the monomers with ternary photoinitiation system showed higher DC than the ones with binary system, until 40 sec. Concerning about the effect of CQ-amine ratio on the DC, group A converted into polymer more than group B in binary system. However, there was no significant difference among groups with ternary system, except group C when cured for 5 sec only.
Camphor ; Fourier Analysis ; Polymers

The aerial part of Artemisia iwayomogi KITAMURA has traditionally been used for antitumour, immunomodulating, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antipyretic, diuretic, liver protective effect, and choleretic purposes in Korea. The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from A. iwayomogi was analyzed by GC/MS. The essential oil and its major compounds were tested for antibacterial activities against 15 different genera of oral bacteria. The essential oil of A. iwayomogi was rich in camphor (17.96%), 1,8-cineole (14.79%), terpinen-4-ol (3.28%), alpha-terpineol (17.60%), and beta-caryophyllene (4.05%). The essential oil of A. iwayomogi exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all obligate anaerobic bacteria (MICs, 0.05 to 0.2 mg/ml; MBCs, 0.1 to 0.4 mg/ml) tested, while its major compounds demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.
Artemisia* ; Bacteria* ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Camphor ; Korea ; Liver

Two white rot fungi, Ceriporia sp. ZLY-2010 (CER) and Stereum hirsutum (STH) were used as biocatalysts for the biotransformation of (-)-alpha-pinene. After 96 hr, CER converted the bicyclic monoterpene hydrocarbon (-)-alpha-pinene into alpha-terpineol (yield, 0.05 g/L), a monocyclic monoterpene alcohol, in addition to, other minor products. Using STH, verbenone was identified as the major biotransformed product, and minor products were myrtenol, camphor, and isopinocarveol. We did not observe any inhibitory effects of substrate or transformed products on mycelial growth of the fungi. The activities of fungal manganese-dependent peroxidase and laccase were monitored for 15 days to determine the enzymatic pathways related to the biotransformation of (-)-alpha-pinene. We concluded that a complex of enzymes, including intra- and extracellular enzymes, were involved in terpenoid biotransformation by white rot fungi.
Biotransformation* ; Camphor ; Enzymes ; Fungi* ; Laccase ; Peroxidase

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of the spectral output of single and dual-peak light emitting diode (LED) curing lights on the microhardness and color stability of commercial resin composites formulated with camphorquinone and alternative photoinitiators in combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three light-polymerized resin composites (Z100 (3M ESPE), Tetric Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent) and Aelite LS Posterior (Bisco)) with different photoinitiator systems were used. The resin composites were packed into a Teflon mold (8 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) on a cover glass. After packing the composites, they were light cured with single-peak and dual-peak LEDs. The Knoop microhardness (KHN) and color difference (DeltaE) for 30 days were measured. The data was analyzed statistically using a student's t-test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: All resin composites showed improved microhardness when a third-generation dual-peak LED light was used. The color stability was also higher for all resin composites with dual-peak LEDs. However, there was a significant difference only for Aelite LS Posterior. CONCLUSIONS: The dual-peak LEDs have a beneficial effect on the microhardness and color stability of resin composites formulated with a combination of camphorquinone and alternative photoinitiators.
Camphor ; Composite Resins ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Fungi ; Glass ; Light ; Polytetrafluoroethylene

OBJECTIVES: An ecofriendly alternative to chemical pesticides is bio-pesticides, which are derived from natural sources. The interest in bio-pesticides is based on the disadvantages associated with chemical pesticides. METHODS: We conducted acute toxicity assessments of camphor, a major component of bio-pesticides, by using Daphnia magna (D. magna) as well as assessed the morphological abnormalities that occurred in Danio rerio (D. rerio) embryos. RESULTS: The median effective concentration of camphor on D. magna after 48 hours was 395.0 muM, and the median lethal concentration on D. rerio embryos after 96 hours was 838.6 muM. The no observed effect concentration and predicted no effect concentration of camphor on D. magna, which was more sensitive than D. rerio, were calculated as 55.2 muM and 3.95 muM, respectively. Morphological abnormalities in D. rerio embryos exposed to camphor increased over time. Coagulation, delayed hatching, yolk sac edema, pericardial edema, and pigmentation of embryos mainly appeared between 24 and 48 hours. Further, symptoms of scoliosis and head edema occurred after 72 hours. In addition, bent tails, ocular defects and collapsed symptoms of fertilized embryonic tissue were observed after 96 hours. CONCLUSIONS: The camphor toxicity results suggest that continuous observations on the ecosystem are necessary to monitor toxicity in areas where biological pesticides containing camphor are sprayed.
Camphor* ; Daphnia* ; Ecosystem ; Edema ; Embryonic Structures ; Head ; Pesticides ; Pigmentation ; Scoliosis ; Yolk Sac ; Zebrafish*

This study aims to explore the consistency between macroscopic identification and DNA barcoding identification of Amomi Fructus. With the DNA barcoding identification results, we evaluated the reliability of identifying Amomi Fructus quality by combining macroscopic traits with main volatile chemical components. Thirteen batches of Amomi Fructus samples were collected for identification. Firstly, the morphological and sensory characteristics of each sample were observed and recorded according to the standard in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition). The 100-fruit weight, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, and longitudinal diameter-to-transverse diameter ratio were measured, which correspond to large, solid, and full kernel representing good quality in the sensory evaluation. The odor value detected by electronic nose and major volatile components(borneol, camphor, limonene, and borneol acetate) correspond to the sensory evaluation of strong odor representing good quality. Secondly, DNA barcoding was employed to identify the 13 batches of samples. Finally, clustering analysis was performed for the main volatile components and macroscopic traits, and the identification results were compared with those of DNA barcoding. Except two batches of samples(No.6 and No.10), the macroscopic identification showed the results consistent with those of DNA barcoding, with an identification rate of 84.62%. The clustering results of the content of four volatile chemical components and macroscopic traits were also consistent with the DNA barcoding identification results. DNA barcoding can verify the results of macroscopic identification and provide a scientific basis for the inheritance and development of macroscopic identification. Moreover, the combination of macroscopic traits and chemical components demonstrates higher accuracy in the quality evaluation of Chinese medicinal materials.
Camphanes ; Camphor/analysis* ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Fruit/genetics* ; Limonene/analysis* ; Reproducibility of Results

Mast cells are activated by specific allergens and also by various nonspecific stimuli, which might induce physical urticaria. This study investigated the functional expression of temperature sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) subfamily in the human mast cell line (HMC-1) using whole-cell patch clamp techniques. The temperature of perfusate was raised from room temperature (RT, 23~25degrees C to a moderately high temperature (MHT, 37~39degrees C to activate TRPV3/4, a high temperature (HT, 44~46degrees C to activate TRPV1, or a very high temperature (VHT, 53~55degrees C to activate TRPV2. The membrane conductance of HMC-1 was increased by MHT and HT in about 50% (21 of 40) of the tested cells, and the I/V curves showed weak outward rectification. VHT-induced current was 10-fold larger than those induced by MHT and HT. The application of the TRPV4 activator 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4alphaPDD, 1microM) induced weakly outward rectifying currents similar to those induced by MHT. However, the TRPV3 agonist camphor or TRPV1 agonist capsaicin had no effect. RT-PCR analysis of HMC-1 demonstrated the expression of TRPV4 as well as potent expression of TRPV2. The [Ca2+]c of HMC-1 cells was also increased by MHT or by 4alphaPDD. In summary, our present study indicates that HMC-1 cells express Ca2+-permeable TRPV4 channels in addition to the previously reported expression of TRPV2 with a higher threshold of activating temperature.
Allergens ; Camphor ; Capsaicin ; Humans ; Mast Cells ; Membranes ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phorbols ; TRPV Cation Channels ; Urticaria

The chemical components of the essential oil obtained from Chrysanthemum indicum L. were analyzed by GC-MS. Seventy-three compounds accounting for 96.65% of the extracted essential oil were identified. The main compounds in the oil were alpha-pinene (4.4%), 1,8-cineole (10.4%), alpha-thujone (6.05%), camphor (10.12%), terpinen-4-ol (3.4%), bornyl acetate (6.1%), borneol (3.6%), cis-chrysanthenol (3.4%), beta-caryophyllene (5.1%), germacrene D (10.6%), and alpha-cadinol (3.0%). The essential oil of C. indicum exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against all oral bacteria tested (MICs, 0.1 to 1.6 mg/ml; MBCs, 0.2 to 3.2 mg/ml) than their major compounds. Furthermore, the MICs/MBCs were reduced to one half ~ one sixteenth as a result of the combinations included the essential oil with ampicillin or gentamicin for all oral bacteria. A strong bactericidal effect was exerted in drug combinations. The in vitro data suggest that the essential oil of C. indicum with other antibiotics may be microbiologically beneficial and synergistic.
Accounting ; Ampicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Bornanes ; Camphor ; Chrysanthemum ; Cyclohexanols ; Drug Combinations ; Gentamicins ; Monoterpenes ; Sesquiterpenes ; Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane ; Terpenes

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) is a non-selective cation channel with modest permeability to calcium ions. It is involved in intracellular calcium signaling and is therefore important in processes such as thermal sensation, skin barrier formation, and wound healing. TRPV3 was initially proposed as a warm temperature sensor. It is activated by synthetic small-molecule chemicals and plant-derived natural compounds such as camphor and eugenol. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (SC) has diverse pharmacological properties including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing activities. It is extensively used as an oriental herbal medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In this study, we investigated whether SC fruit extracts and seed oil, as well as four compounds isolated from the fruit can activate the TRPV3 channel. By performing whole-cell patch clamp recording in HEK293T cells overexpressing TRPV3, we found that the methanolic extract of SC fruit has an agonistic effect on the TRPV3 channel. Furthermore, electrophysiological analysis revealed that γ-schisandrin, one of the isolated compounds, activated TRPV3 at a concentration of 30 µM. In addition, γ-schisandrin (~100 µM) increased cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentrations by approximately 20% in response to TRPV3 activation. This is the first report to indicate that SC extract and γ-schisandrin can modulate the TRPV3 channel. This report also suggests a mechanism by which γ-schisandrin acts as a therapeutic agent against TRPV3-related diseases.
Calcium ; Calcium Channels ; Calcium Signaling ; Camphor ; Cytoplasm ; Eugenol ; Fruit* ; Herbal Medicine ; Ions ; Methanol* ; Permeability ; Schisandra* ; Sensation ; Skin ; Wound Healing

OBJECTIVETo analyze the chemical components of the essential oil extracted from six cultivars' Juhua (Zaogongju, Wangongju, Huangyaoju, Chuju, Xiaoboju and Daboju) produced in Anhui province of China, which were breed from Chrysanthemum morifolium, and to provide scientific basis for quality control.

METHODThe essential oils of the six cultivars'Juhua were extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and identified by GC-MS.

RESULTFrom Zaogongju, Wangongju, Huangyaoju, Chuju, Xiaoboju and Daboju, 247, 226, 246, 182, 216 and 122 chromatographic peaks were detected, among them 75, 54, 78, 50, 53 and 43 components were identified,which were composed of 85.67%, 82.80%, 81.38%, 73.22%, 71.51% and 72.87% of the total essential oil, respectively.

CONCLUSIONMonoterpenoid compounds were higher more than sesquiterpenoid compounds in the five juhua except for Chuju. There was no difference in the constituents of essential oil of Zaogongju and Wangongju. And verbenyl acetate was the main chemical constituent and composed of 32.10% and 37.85% of the total essential oil, respectively. (1R)-Camphor and bisabolol oxide A were the main chemical constituents in Huangyaoju, which were composed of 28.70% and 12.58% of the total essential oil, respectively. beta-Selinene and borneol were the main chemical constituents in Chuju, which were composed of 17.85% and 12.84% of the total essential oil, respectively. Eucalyptol was the main chemical constituent in Xiaoboju, which were composed of 21.33%. Verbene oxides and chrysanthenone were composed of 25.32% and 8.26% of the total essential oil, respectively, in the Daboju. The common chemical constituents were camphene, borneol, bornyl aceate, (1R)-camphor, (-)-4-terpineol, alpha-terpineol, eucalyptol, cis-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, juniper camphor, beta-sesquiphellandrene, alpha-curcumene and beta-farnesene in the six cultivars' Juhua produced in Anhui province of China. The resultant data provided the further evidences to distinguish Juhua' cultivars and scientific basis for quality control of Juhua.

Boranes ; chemistry ; Bornanes ; chemistry ; Camphor ; chemistry ; China ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Cyclohexanols ; chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Monoterpenes ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; Sesquiterpenes ; chemistry ; Terpenes ; chemistry ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes ; chemistry