Caliciviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Norovirus ; Rotavirus ; Rotavirus Infections ; epidemiology

Caliciviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Gastroenteritis ; virology ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Humans ; Norovirus ; classification ; genetics

Caliciviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Norovirus ; Schools

Caliciviridae Infections ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Disease Outbreaks ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Norovirus ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution patterns of human norovirus outbreaks in China, identify high-risk areas, and provide guidance for epidemic prevention and control. METHODS: This study analyzed 964 human norovirus outbreaks involving 50,548 cases in 26 provinces reported from 2012 to 2018. Epidemiological analysis and spatiotemporal scanning analysis were conducted to analyze the distribution of norovirus outbreaks in China. RESULTS: The outbreaks showed typical seasonality, with more outbreaks in winter and fewer in summer, and the total number of infected cases increased over time. Schools, especially middle schools and primary schools, are the most common settings of norovirus outbreaks, with the major transmission route being life contact. More outbreaks occurred in southeast coastal areas in China and showed significant spatial aggregation. The highly clustered areas of norovirus outbreaks have expanded northeast over time. CONCLUSION By identifying the epidemiological characteristics and high-risk areas of norovirus outbreaks, this study provides important scientific support for the development of preventive and control measures for norovirus outbreaks, which is conducive to the administrative management of high-risk settings and reduction of disease burden in susceptible areas.
Humans ; Gastroenteritis/epidemiology* ; Norovirus ; Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks ; China/epidemiology* ; Genotype

OBJECTIVETo study the infected information, clinical symptom and molecular epidemiological characteristics of HuCV infection among children under 5 years old in Nanjing.

METHODSIn Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from July 2010 to June 2011, we collected 428 stool specimens from children with diarrhea and 428 asymptomatic controls. Human Calicivirus were tested by using RT-PCR. Then we sequenced the nucleic acid of PCR amplifications and identified the genotype and gene group of prevalent strains.

RESULTS63 (14.72%) out of 428 stool samples were detected as HuCV. 58 were norovirus and 5 were sapovirus, while GII-4 2006b was the predominant strain of NoV. In the 428 control samples, 19 samples were positive for calicivirus, there were 8 NoV and 13 SaV (Including 3 co-infection cases).

CONCLUSIONHuman caliciviruses with different genotypes circulated among children in Nanjing,and GII. 2006b is the dominant genotype.

Caliciviridae ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Caliciviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Phylogeny ; Seasons

OBJECTIVETo analyze the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of diarrheal disease among children under 5 years of age in Guangdong province, in 2012.

METHODS64 hospitals in 21 cities were chosen as the diarrheal syndromic surveillance sites, of which 14 hospitals were selected to carry out etiological surveillance among children under 5 years of age, including isolation and culture of both Vibrio cholera and Shigella as well as nucleic acid detection of rotavirus and norovirus by PCR. Descriptive method was used to analyze data from syndromic and etiological surveillance programs on diarrheal, from 1932 parents of the children.

RESULTSIn 2012, the outpatient attendance rate on diarrheal among children under 5 years was 0.8%. The proportion of diarrheal in children under 5-year-olds was 63.5%, among the total number of diarrheal outpatients at the outpatient clinics under surveillance program. The morbidity of infectious diarrhea was 1454.5/10 million in children under 5 years of age. A total number of 1932 specimens were collected from children under 5 years of age, in the outpatient department. Among these specimens,Vibrio cholera appeared all negative but one was Shigella positive and proved to be Sh. sonnei. The positive rates of rotavirus and norovirus were 14.1% (273/1932)and 16.9% (326/1932). Both rotavirus and norovirus were found in 24 specimens, with a positive rate as 1.2% . 112 specimens were successfully gene sequenced for rotavirus, of which 33.9% as G1[P8] genotype, 25.9% as G9[P8], 12.5% as G2[P4] and 9.8% as G3[P8] respectively. 90 specimens were successfully gene-sequenced for norovirus, of which 76.7% as G II.4 genotype. Genetic subtypes of G II. 4/2006b, accounted for 50.0% and could be detected around the year except for June and December. New G II. 4/Sydney Strain_2012 was first detected in August and became the predominant in December. In addition, 5 specimens belonged to G I genotype with other 16 subtypes of G II.

CONCLUSIONResults from our study proved that children under 5 years of age belonged to high-risk group for diarrheal disease in Guangdong province. Rotavirus and norovirus were both diverse in terms of genome.

Caliciviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; virology ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Rotavirus Infections ; epidemiology

The prevalence of feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), and Chlamydophila (C.) felis was studied in cats of an animal shelter in Korea. Total 78 cats without ocular and upper respiratory tract disease were examined. Specimens were obtained from ocular conjunctiva and oropharynx. Using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR, three pathogens were simultaneously detected. In examined 78 cats, 49 (63%) cats were positive for FHV-1. However, all specimens were negative for C. felis and FCV. In conclusion, many cats recovered from FHV-1 infection remain subclinical carriers in shelter environment.
Animals ; Caliciviridae/genetics ; Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/*microbiology/*virology ; Cats ; Chlamydophila/genetics ; Chlamydophila Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Herpesviridae/genetics ; Herpesviridae Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Housing, Animal ; Korea/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical and molecular epidemiology characteristics of calicivirus and adenovirus in children for viral diarrhea in Lanzhou.

METHODSStool samples were collected from 295 children with diarrhea at the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province,China, between July 2010 and June 2011. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or PCR were used to detected calicivirus and adenovirus. The adenovirus positive samples were typed by nested PCR and multiple PCR.

RESULTSOf the 295 specimens, 13.2% (39/295) were positive for calicivirus, and 5.1% (15/295) were adenovirus. Typing and Phylogenetic analysis revealed that novirus GII-3 and adenovirus 41 were the dominant strains. Both calicivirus and adenovirus predominately affect children under the age of 2. In seasonal distribution, there was no obvious peak.

CONCLUSIONHuman calicivirus and adenovirus are important pathogens of viral diarrhea,it is important to develop long-term systematic surveillance.

Adenoviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Adenoviruses, Human ; genetics ; Caliciviridae ; genetics ; Caliciviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Time Factors

Caliciviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; genetics ; virology ; China ; epidemiology ; Gastroenteritis ; virology ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Norovirus ; genetics ; RNA, Viral ; isolation & purification