Aim: To determine the (i) sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound (USG) in the detection of urinary tract calculi, (ii) size of renal calculi detected on USG, and (iii) size of renal calculi not seen on USG but detected on computed tomography urogram (CTU). Methods: A total of 201 patients’ USG and CTU were compared retrospectively for the presence of calculi. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of USG were calculated with CTU as the gold standard. Results: From the 201 sets of data collected, 59 calculi were detected on both USG and CTU. The sensitivity and specificity of renal calculi detection on USG were 53% and 85% respectively. The mean size of the renal calculus detected on USG was 7.6 mm ± 4.1 mm and the mean size of the renal calculus not visualised on USG but detected on CTU was 4 mm ± 2.4 mm. The sensitivity and specificity of ureteric calculi detection on USG were 12% and 97% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of urinary bladder calculi detection on USG were 20% and 100% respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that the accuracy of US in detecting renal, ureteric and urinary bladder calculi were 67%, 80% and 98% respectively.
Calculi ; Urinary Calculi

No abstract available.
Kidney Calculi*

During the period from January 1972 to July 1979. chemical analysis of renal stones were performed on 40 cases treated in the department of urology, Kyung Hee University Hospital. The chemical composition of the calculi analyzed is recorded in the following...
Calculi ; Urology

Nutrition has been widely recognized to have certain levels of influence on the risk of kidney stone formation. Thus, this case-control study was conducted to determine the association of dietary intake and lifestyles factors with kidney stone disease. Sociodemographic data, dietary intake, supplements intake, smoking and alcohol habit, medical history, physical activity and anthropometric data were obtained using interviewer-administered pre-tested questionnaires among 81 patients who had been diagnosed with kidney stone disease and 81 patients without kidney stone disease at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre. The results indicated that body mass index and hip circumference were higher among cases as compared to controls in both men and women (p < 0.05). Energy, macronutrients and micronutrients intake were higher for case subjects compared to control subjects for all significant parameters (p < 0.05). Results showed positive association of kidney stone with consumption of nuts (≥1 time/week) for men and women while consumption of eggs (1-3 times/month) and beans (1-6 times/week) showed positive association for women. Analysis of multivariate found the risk factor among women was diabetes mellitus [Adjusted OR = 27.6 (95% CI = 1.43-53.3)] (p < 0.05). Whilst, plain water intake of at least 6 glasses [Adjusted OR = 0.001 (95% CI = 0.000-0.08)] (p < 0.05) and 8 glasses per day [Adjusted OR = 0.001 (95% CI = 0.000-0.02)] (p < 0.05) reduced the risk among women. The risk factors for men were smoking habits [Adjusted OR = 16.2 (95% CI = 1.29-203)] (p < 0.05), consumption of carbonated drink 1-3 times per month [Adjusted OR = 6.25 (95% CI = 1.04-40.7)] (p < 0.05) and 1-6 times per week [Adjusted OR = 12.5 (95% CI = 1.41-111)] (p < 0.05). Unhealthy dietary and lifestyles factors increased the risk of kidney stone disease and various risk factors were found for different sexes.
Kidney Calculi

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC for the treatment of urinary tract stones. Methods: Data were collected from online databases, the Philippine National Library, and unpublished clinical trials. We obtained permission from authors of unpublished clinical trials but with existing patent applications. Studies were selected based on the criteria: randomized controlled trials (RCT) on the efficacy of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC for the treatment of urinary tract stones given alone or in combination with a non-pharmacological/pharmacological intervention in comparison to a pharmacological/non-pharmacological intervention for urinary tract stones with participants aged 15 to 65 years in an ambulatory setting. Results: Our search methods yielded a total of 20 studies. Four studies met our inclusion criteria. Patients who took sambong had a reduction in stone size by radiographic evidence 23.45 times more than those who took the placebo (p=0.001). Also, patients taking sambong were 38.04 times more likely to pass stones compared to those patients taking a placebo (p=0.0004). Patients taking sambong were 7.48 times more likely to have reduction or disappearance of signs and symptoms compared to the placebo group (p=0.008). Conclusions Sambong treatment is effective in treating patients with urolithiasis by radiographic evidence of a decrease in size and/or number of stones, the passage of stone/s and/or disappearance or reduction of signs and symptoms with no serious adverse events.
Urinary Calculi

Since Chaussy, Schmiedt et al. began using ESWL on the renal calculi in 1980, the treatment of stone disease has been revolutionized. Now, an experimental study for the systematic investigation of ESWL is needed. This report presents an experimental study in vitro utilizing piezoelectric ESWL(EDAP LT-01 and "Die Stone" for the purposes of the effects of varying frequencies, stone burdens and powers. The following results were obtained : 1. In the same sized stones with constant power of 100%, the effects of increasing frequency from 2.5 to 40 times/sec showed that mean storage was increased despite of decreases duration for complete fragmentation of the stone less than 3mm in diameter, therefore the more lowering frequency, the more increasing effectiveness of the stone fragmentation. 2. When the stone burden was increased from 1cm(3) to 2cm(3) with constant power of 100% storage and duration for complete fragmentation of the stone were markedly increased about 8.10 and 8.06 times respectively. 3. In 1cm3 of the stone burden with constant frequency of 10 times/sec, when power was increased, mean storage and duration were decreased for complete fragmentation of the stone. 4. Fragmentation of the stone with lower frequency was fractured into small pieces relatively, but with higher frequency, fractured into large pieces initially, thereafter fractured into small pieces. 5. More gas bubbles were produced on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the stone with higher frequency than lower frequency.
Kidney Calculi ; Shock* ; Urinary Calculi

Authors studied the roles and outcomes of treatments for 98 elder patients with biliary calculus at St Paul Hospital. 16 patients were undergone emergency operation, and 43 patients were undergone elective operation, among them 9 patients received emergency treatments because of complications of biliary calculus. Conclusions: common treatment biliary calculus in the elderly was operation; however, the indication was given early and appropriately in case of patient was very old or too weak. In addition, evaluating patient’s situation before surgery by ASA’s method was very effective to choose correct treatment
calculi ; Urinary Calculi ; Therapeutics ; aged

To determine the optional and objective criteria for choosing the appropriate treatment modality or ureteral calculi. we reviewed 210 patients (215 ureteral calculi) initially treated with expectation (78 calculi), ESWL (82 calculi). ureteroscopic removal (31 calculi). stone basket (7 calculi) and surgery (17 calculi) and the results of each treatment were compared. N 78 calculi treated with expectation 58 (74.4% ) passed spontaneously. The duration of 50% and 75% cumulative spontaneous passage (CSP) of proximal ureteral calculi (<6 mm) were 3 weeks and l3 weeks, whereas the duration of 25% CSP of proximal ureteral calculi (> or =6 mm) were 5 weeks (p=0.0087). The duration of 50% and 75% CSP of distal ureteral calculi (<7 mm) were S weeks and S weeks. whereas the duration of 25% and 50% CSP of distal ureteral calculi (> or =7 mm) were 4 weeks and 11 weeks (p=0.01 75). The overall success rate of ESWL was 88.5% and the success rates of upper. middle and lower ureteral calculi were 92.2%. 70.6% and 94.7%. The duration of passage of calculi fragmented by ESWL was 1 to 16 weeks (mean: 4 wks). The overall success rate of ureteroscopic removal was 87.5% and the rate increased to 93.1% when only lower ureteral calculi were included. Stone basket was successful in 4 calculi out of 7. In conclusion, it is preferable to treat the proximal ureteral calculi smaller than 6mm and distal calculi smaller than 7mm with expectation until 3 months and 5 weeks, respectively. Otherwise ESWL is appropriate for proximal ureteral calculi and ureteroscopic removal for lower ureteral calculi. Although advanced technology for the management of ureteral calculi has been developed, traditional therapy has the proper role in contemporary practice.
Calculi ; Humans ; Ureter* ; Ureteral Calculi*

During 5 years (1994-1998), 28 patients with renal and ureteral stones in solitary kidney were operated at the surgical department of §µ N½ng hospital, including congenital solitary kidney: 3 patients (10.7%). Acquired solitary kidney: 1 patient (3.5%). Functional solitary kidney: 24 patients (85.7%). Among them: renal stone: 27 patients (96.4%), Staghorn stone: 14 patients (50%). Pyelotomy and nephrostomy account for 68% of cases, associated with positive drainage of pelvis giving favourable results: No need for blood transfusion: 24 patients (86%). Residual stones: 1 patient (3.5%). Post-operative bleeding: 2 patients (7.0%). Short-term follow up: Good (78.6%), medium (14.0%), Bad (7.0%)
Kidney Calculi ; Ureteral Calculi ; surgery

Rigid transurethral ureteroscopy has been utilized on twenty-two occasions for the treatment of distal ureteral calculi. This resulted in successful stone removal and avoidance of an open operation in 77.3 percent of the cases. The advantages of this type of treatment are that it enables endoscopic access to a surgically difficult portion of the ureter and allows direct visualization during basket manipulation of ureteral calculi. It is concluded that the ureteroscopic stone manipulation could be the first choice of treatment in distalureteral calculi.
Calculi ; Ureter* ; Ureteral Calculi* ; Ureteroscopes ; Ureteroscopy ; Urinary Calculi