Kidney stone is a highly recurrent disease in the urinary tract system. Most kidney stones are calcium stones, usually consisting of either calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. Supersaturation of soluble calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and citrate in the urine is the basis for calcium stone formation. Genetics, diet, low physical activity, and individual habits contribute to the formation of kidney stones. In this review, the associations of the risk of kidney stones with oxalate consumption and some individual habits, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, and opium consumption, are summarized.
Humans ; Calcium/urine* ; Oxalates ; Kidney Calculi/urine* ; Calcium Oxalate/urine* ; Habits

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of different extracts of Alisma orientalis on urinary calcium oxalate stone formation in rats and to identify the effective constituents.

METHODDifferent extracts were administered through a stomach tube to rats of different groups with renal calcium oxalate stones induced by ethylene glycol (EG) and ammonium chloride (AC).

RESULTIn the rats administered with ethyl acetate elution of ethyl acetate extract, blood Cr, BUN, renal tissue calcium content, urinary calcium excretion and crystals deposition in renal tissue were significantly lower than those of the stone formation group.

CONCLUSIONThe ethyl acetate elution of ethyl acetate fraction extract of Alisma orientalis can significantly inhibit urinary calcium oxalate stone formation in rats and be the most effective constituent of Alisma orientalis.

Alisma ; chemistry ; Ammonium Chloride ; Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Calcium Oxalate ; urine ; Creatinine ; blood ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Ethylene Glycol ; Kidney ; metabolism ; Kidney Calculi ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; prevention & control ; Magnesium ; metabolism ; urine ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

To analyze types of urinary calculi and patients' clinical characteristics, and to explore the strategies for prevention and treatment of urinary calculi.
 Methods: A total of 1 849 patients with urinary calculi were treated in the Department of Urology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. The components were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. The relationship between stone composition and clinical parameters was analyzed according to the clinical characteristics of the patients.
 Results: The proportion of calcium oxalate stone or uric acid stone in male (84.1% or 7.7%) was higher than that in female (78.4% or 4.2%). The older patients were more likely to be diagnosed as uric acid stone. The proportions of uric acid stone in patients <18 years old, 18-<41 years old, 41-<66 years old, and ≥66 years old were 0.0%, 1.6%, 6.6%, and 12.4%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the proportion of stones in patients with different BMI. There were no significant difference in the stone composition between the patients with or without urinary tract infection, hypertension or diabetes. The proportion of uric acid stones in patients with acidic urine was higher than the other types. The proportion of uric acid stones in patients with elevated creatinine (12.1%) was higher than that in the patients with normal creatinine (4.5%).
 Conclusion: Elderly patients, or patients with high uric acid and renal insufficiency are more prone to uric acid stones. Regulation of urinary pH may be an important strategy for preventing and treating urinary calculi in Hunan Province.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Body Mass Index ; Calcium Oxalate ; analysis ; Creatinine ; urine ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kidney Calculi ; chemistry ; therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sex Factors ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Uric Acid ; analysis ; Urinary Calculi ; chemistry ; therapy ; urine

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Rongshi granule on osteopontin(OPN) expression.

METHODThe urlisthiasis rats were induced by ethylene glycol (EG) and ammonium chloride, the control group rats were non-treated, and the Rongshi granule groups (low-dose group, middle-dose group and high-dose group) were administered Rongshi granule in addition to EG and ammonium chloride in 21 days. Pooled 24 h urine samples from each group were collected weekly with the use of metabolic cages, the concentration of uric calcium and oxalic acid were respectively measured by EDTA and photoelectric colorimetric method. Eight animals from each group were killed at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days, kidneys were histologic examinaed and immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTThe expression of kidney osteopontin in model group was obviously higher than that of control group (P <0.01), and was up to the highest at 21 days with 1.4 times (0.281 3/0.201 8) of the control group. The expression of kidney osteopontin in all of the Rongshi granule groups were lower than those of model group (P < 0.05), with an obvious dose-dependent manner. The degree of the kidney calcium oxalate crystal of the rats in all the Rongshi granule groups was much lower than that of model group, and the uric calcium and oxalic acid were much lower than those of model group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe Rongshi granule could inhibit the expression of osteopontin in rat urolithiasis model.

Ammonium Chloride ; Animals ; Calcium ; urine ; Calcium Oxalate ; metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Ethylene Glycol ; Female ; Kidney ; metabolism ; Kidney Calculi ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Male ; Osteopontin ; metabolism ; Oxalic Acid ; urine ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley