This study describes a new record of a thelotremoid lichen (Leucodecton desquamescens) from South Korea. The taxon is characterized by thick, bulging thallus with many calcium oxalate crystal inclusions; an immersed, round to irregular ascomata with free exciple, ellipsoid to +/- roundish submuriform, brown ascospores, and lack of secondary metabolites. A detailed taxonomic description and comments are presented for this taxon. The lichen genus Leucodecton is reported for the first time in South Korea.
Calcium Oxalate ; Lichens ; Republic of Korea

Calcium Oxalate ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi ; etiology ; therapy

Urinary citric acid reduces urinary saturation of calcium oxalate and phosphate salts by forming complexes with calcium and retards crystallization of stone forming salts. Hypocitraturia, important factor in stone formation, has been 19-63% of stone patients in various reports. We measured the 24 hour excretion of citric acid. calcium and calcium/citric acid ratio in 100 renal stone patients and 30 healthy controls. The results were as follows: 1. The 24-hour urinary excretion of citric acid was lower in stone patients than in controls, but statistically insignificant (P>0.05). 2. The 24-trour urinary excretion of calcium was higher in stone patients significantly than in Controls (P<0.05). 3. In stone patients, hypocitraturia showed in 19 patients (19%), hypercalciuria in 22 patients (22%). 4. The 24-hour urinary excretion of citric acid had positive correlation with 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium in stone patients (P<0.05) 5. Urinary calcium/citric acid ratio was significantly higher in stone patients than in controls (P<0.05). As results, urinary calcium/citric acid ratio was more significant than the amount of citric acid in stone patients, furthermore it seems to be a useful measure for stone formation and recurrence.
Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate ; Citric Acid* ; Crystallization ; Humans ; Hypercalciuria ; Recurrence ; Salts

PURPOSE: We studied the crystallographic component of the prostatic calculi according to the location on the transrectal prostatic ultrasonography to know the mechanism of the formation of the calculus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From August, 1995 until May, 1997, 33 prostatic calculi from 24 patients(mean age 59 years, mean size 3.1mm) operated on for prostatism were analyzed by polarization microscopy(ZeissR), X-ray diffraction(PW-1720R, Philips) and infrared spectrophotometer(FTIR-205R, Nicolet). Location of calculi was divided two groups under guide of transrectal prostatic ultrasonography; periurethral and periadenoma type. The periurethral type showed hyperechoic density around the prostatic urethra and the periadenoma type showed hyperechoic density between adenoma and false prostatic capsule(peripheral zone). RESULTS: 22 calculi were the periurethral type and 11 were periadenoma type. Thirty stones from 20 periurethral type and 10 periadenoma type consisted two or three of the following calcium phospate, calcium oxalate and tricalcium phospate. These are mixed by the endogenous origin formed from the prostatic fluid and the exogenous origin formed at least in part from urine. Three stones (2 calcium oxalate, 1 uric acid) contained only one compound which participitate from urine. All of 11 calculi of the pericapsular type had an oxalate component. CONCLUSIONS: The calculi around the periadenoma region may be formed from not only endogenous component(calcium apatite stone) but also exogenous component(calcium oxalate) or intraductal precipitation of oxalate component which has never found in the prostatic fluid. These results may suggest the necessity of reevaluation about oxalate component within the prostatic fluid.
Adenoma ; Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate ; Calculi* ; Prostatism ; Ultrasonography* ; Urethra

A study was made on 40 cases of urolithiasis and 40 cases of control group to show the relationship between stone formation and urinary excretion and serum level of calcium and phosphorus. This study was also made to show the relationship between urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus and the chemical composition of stones. Followings were the results: 1. The urinary excretion of calcium per day is higher in the lithiasis group than in the control group. Control group : 126.3+/-63.5mg/day Lithiasis group : 182.5+/-73.5mg/day 2. The urinary excretion of phosphorus per day is not significantly different between the lithiasis group and the control group. Control group : 588+/-223mg/day Lithiasis group : 548+/-178mg/day 3. The variance of urinary calcium concentration is not significantly different between the lithiasis group and the control group. Control group : 72.3+/-44.9 micro gm/ml Lithiasis group : 84.5+/-45.8 micro gm/ml 4. The incidence of high urine-calcium values (>180mg/day) is greater in the lithiasis group (50%) than in the control group (22.5%). 5. The incidence of high urine-calcium values(>180mg/day) decreases in the following order : mixed calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate stone (63.6%), calcium oxalate stone (33.3%), calcium phosphate stones (33.3%), control group (22.5%), other types of stone (0%). 6. 87.5% of stone patients had normal serum-calcium values (8.6-11.0mg%) and one patient (2.5%) had higher level than the normal. The results suggest that the urinary excretion of calcium per day is an important factor in stone formation and it appears to influence the types of stone formed.
Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lithiasis ; Phosphorus ; Urolithiasis*

A series of 38 pediatric stone patients was studied retrospectively according to the clinical patterns of urolithiasis, etiology of stone disease, and management. The idiopathic cause was the most common of stone formation in the children. The most common type of stone in analysis was calcium oxalate. Thus, the etiology of stone disease and composition of stone was not definitely different in comparison with adult stone disease. We treated almost of stone patients with ESWL and peration was done in case of EWSL failure. And ESWL is the most effective and safe treatment of pediatric urolithiasis at present time. But anesthesia is needed to perform ESWL, especially younger children.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Calcium Oxalate ; Child ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Urolithiasis*

Necrosis of the papilla and chronic interstitial nephritis of the renal cortex are the two renal 1esions most commonly. described in cases of analgesic nephropathy. Some authors believed that the necrosis of the papilla was secondary to the cortical changes by which fibrosis of the cortex produced ischemia of papilla and necrosis. However, other authors have suggested that the pathogenesis is, in fact, the reverse and that the cortical changes in analgesic nephropathy are caused by the medullary necrosis. An experimental study was therefore undertaken to clarify this problem and also to determine the influence of increased intrapelvic pressure on the postpapillectomy renal alterations. Followings are the results: 1. In 'the group having renal papillectomy, marked tubular dilatation and interstitial edema of the medulla are prominent changes upto two weeks after removal of the papilla. Tubules are usu. ally filled with various casts. After three weeks, there starts the tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis with mil infiltration of inflammatory cells. The tubular atrophy and renal scarring become much severe and diffuse six weeks after papillectomy. but glomeruli remain relatively intact. 2. The degree of tubular changes and parenchymal scarring are assumed influential to the size of removed papilla. The tubular atrophy is prominent in distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules, and the interstitial changes extend from the medulla to the cortex in the late stage. 3. Focal or scattered depositions of amorphous calcium or calcium oxalate are found in about one fourth of cases. 4. In the group having partial ureteral ligation a week after renal papillectomy, the tubular and interstitial changes appear earlier and are more remarkable than those of papillectomy alone. The inflammatory reaction is also more prominent, and conglomeration of glomerulus is noted in some instances of the later stage. The form of the renal scarring found in this experimental study closely resembles that seen in analgesic nephropathy in man. This findings support the view that the cortical lesions in analgesic nephropathy develop as a direct consequence of papillary necrosis and additional ureteral ligation enhances interstitial nephritic process. It is possible that the tubular atrophy and interstitial edema that develop shortly after removal of the papilla may produce cortical changes.
Atrophy ; Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate ; Cicatrix ; Dilatation ; Edema ; Fibrosis ; Ischemia ; Kidney* ; Ligation* ; Necrosis ; Nephritis, Interstitial ; Ureter*

A study was done on 200 patients with a diagnosis of calcium oxalate stone and 50 cases of control group to evaluate the chemical relationships between stone formation and a 24-hour excretion or calcium. oxalate, uric acid and citrate. This study was also evaluated by comparing urinary concentrations and total daily output of the above metabolites. Among the 200 patients metabolic disorders included hypercalciuria in 34 (17.0%), hyperoxaluria in 8 (4.0%), hyperuricosuria in 43 (21.5%) and hypocitraturia in 128 (64.0%). The total output of calcium, oxalate, uric acid, citrate were significantly different (p<0.01) and also showed significant differences in the those concentrations between these two groups. Therefore, it is confirmed that the concentration of stone metabolite is also a influential factor of the stone formation as like as total daily output.
Calcium Oxalate* ; Calcium* ; Citric Acid ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Hypercalciuria ; Hyperoxaluria ; Uric Acid ; Urolithiasis*

An experimental study in vitro using piezoelectric extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor(EDAP LT-01) and urinary stones removed from the patients by surgical method has been performed. The purposes were 1) to correlate the stone components and sizes with the storage of complete fragmentation, 2) to examine the screening effect and 3) to observe the stone fracture mechanism in urinary stones. The following results were obtained. 1. Tribasic calcium phosphate stone, magnesium ammonium phosphate stone and uric acid stone fractured more easily than calcium oxalate stone. In the case of small stones(diameter 0.5 cm), all stones fractured at relatively low storage. Large stones (diameter 1.5 cm) fractured at high storage with wide variations according to components. 2. Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones tested to observe for screening effect showed that a high storage was needed for complete fragmentation(about 2 times) when the stone debris was not removed. 3. Urinary stones fractured first on the front surface. When the stones showed lamellae, which were separated first by shock wave, thereafter each lamella was broken.
Ammonium Compounds ; Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate ; Humans ; Magnesium ; Mass Screening ; Shock* ; Uric Acid ; Urinary Calculi

Clinical observation was done on the fifty-five ureterolithotomized cases of all the cases of ureteral stone which had been treated at the Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital during 10 years from 1960 through 1969. The results were as follows: 1. The fifty-five ureterolithotomized cases covered the results of highest incidence in 2nd decade for age and one third at the lower one third ureter for location and a half with 0. 61~0.7 cm. for stone size. 2. By urinalysis, acid uria, proteinuria, hematuria and pyuria were detected in about one half of the cases and bacteriuria in a half. 3. About one third of all the cases were noted as non-visualizing kidneys on post-operative I.V.P. 4. For all cases of 0.7cm. or bigger in stone size and one fourth of 0.51~0.7 cm. ureterolithotomy was performed. 5. Calcium oxalate stones were noted with highest incidence, calcium oxalate-phosphate and phosphate stones the next, and calcium oxalate-carbonate and phosphate-uric acid stones had the least incidence on analysis of the chemical composition of stone. 6. Prolonged urinary infections were noted in the cases of post-operative T-tube inlaying. And post-operative I.V.P. showed normal or markedly improved condition with the exception of mild ureteral stricture in 2 cases performed ureterolithotomy.
Bacteriuria ; Busan ; Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Hematuria ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Proteinuria ; Pyuria ; Ureter ; Urinalysis ; Urology