No abstract available.
Calcium Gluconate* ; Calcium*

No abstract available.
Burns* ; Calcium Gluconate* ; Calcium* ; Hydrofluoric Acid* ; Injections, Subcutaneous*

No abstract available.
Burns* ; Calcium Gluconate* ; Calcium* ; Hydrofluoric Acid* ; Injections, Subcutaneous*

No abstract available.
Calcinosis ; Calcium ; Calcium Gluconate ; Gluconates ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn

Hydrofluoric acid is a highly dangerous and toxic inorganic acid, which is widely used in industrial fields and daily life. The risk of hydrofluoric acid burns is related to hydrofluoric acid mass fraction, duration of exposure to hydrofluoric acid, burn area, burn depth, and burn site, etc. Hydrofluoric acid has strong toxicity and tissue penetration ability. A small area of hydrofluoric acid burns can cause death in a short time. Therefore, improving the understanding of the mechanism of hydrofluoric acid burns and learning how to treat hydrofluoric acid burns in different sites can further improve the cure rate of hydrofluoric acid burns.
Burns, Chemical/therapy* ; Calcium Gluconate ; Humans ; Hydrofluoric Acid/adverse effects*

When the skin and soft tissue necrosis occurs due to extravasation of intravenously administrated biological active materials and drugs, no specific mode of treatment modality is known except for supportive management or debridement and skin graft. This experiment was designed to determine the effective dosage of hyaluronidase and triamcinolone acetonide on the extravasation necrosis caused by calcium gluconate and to establish the optimal time of administration of the antidotes. Initially 0.4 ml of 10% calcium gluconate was injected subcutaneously into the rabbit back. Study I was designed to observe the skin change in 8 groups including control group with no treatment and treated groups with normal saline, saline with hyaluronidase(dosage: 150, 300, 600 unit), saline with triamcinolone acetonide(1 mg, 2 mg), and 150 unit hyaluronidase and 1 mg triamcinolone acetonide (all in volume 0.2 ml, treatment delay: immediate, 15-minutes, 30-minutes, 1-hour, 3-hours delay). The sizes of skin necrosis and induration were measured and compared between each group. Study II was designed to examine the histologic findings of the skin and evaluate the effect of hyaluronidase and triamcinolone acetonide on tissue damage. The sizes of induration and necrosis are smaller in all treated groups than non-treated group and the statistically significant protective effect on reducing the size of necrosis was found in groups treated with the drugs within 15 minutes to 30 minutes(p < 0.05). The most effective protection was obtained by the immediate injection of 150 unit dosage of hyaluronidase with 1 mg triamcinolone acetonide. This study suggests that intralesional injection of hyaluronidase and triamcinolone acetonide within half hour delay for the treatment of extravasation necrosis of calcium gluconate is the most effective, probably due to their diffusion, antiinflammatory effect and role in facilitating the resorption of calcium in the tissue.
Antidotes ; Calcium Gluconate* ; Calcium* ; Debridement ; Diffusion ; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase* ; Injections, Intralesional ; Necrosis ; Skin ; Transplants ; Triamcinolone Acetonide* ; Triamcinolone*

Hydrofluoric acid is a colorless gas or fuming liquid with a strong, irritating odor. Hydrofluoric acid burns are uncommon; however, if severe burn occur, they caused death from systemic effects, such as fatal cardiac arrthmia. We experienced two cases of hydrofluoric acid chemical burns on digits. These patients had typical clinical features of hydrofluoric acid chemical burns, such as pulsating pain at the burn site, as well as ischemic and necrotic skin changes. The hydrofluoric acid chemical burn was confirmed by a history of exposure. Subsequently, we made a calcium gluconate gel by mixing 20% calcium gluconate, an antagonist against hydrofluoric acid, with lubricant, and we injected 10% calcium gluconate subcutaneously when they complained of pain rated at higher than 5 on the pain scale. Simultaneously, we monitored the patients' electrocardiographs and checked their serum total calcium, ionized calcium, and magnesium levels serially. Clinical presentations and the emergency management of hydrofluoric acid chemical burns were reviewed along with the current literature. These patients were discharged without any significant complications.
Burns ; Burns, Chemical* ; Calcium ; Calcium Gluconate ; Electrocardiography ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Hydrofluoric Acid* ; Magnesium ; Odors ; Skin

Hydrofluoric acid is a colorless gas or fuming liquid with a strong, irritating odor. Hydrofluoric acid burns are uncommon; however, if severe burn occur, they caused death from systemic effects, such as fatal cardiac arrthmia. We experienced two cases of hydrofluoric acid chemical burns on digits. These patients had typical clinical features of hydrofluoric acid chemical burns, such as pulsating pain at the burn site, as well as ischemic and necrotic skin changes. The hydrofluoric acid chemical burn was confirmed by a history of exposure. Subsequently, we made a calcium gluconate gel by mixing 20% calcium gluconate, an antagonist against hydrofluoric acid, with lubricant, and we injected 10% calcium gluconate subcutaneously when they complained of pain rated at higher than 5 on the pain scale. Simultaneously, we monitored the patients' electrocardiographs and checked their serum total calcium, ionized calcium, and magnesium levels serially. Clinical presentations and the emergency management of hydrofluoric acid chemical burns were reviewed along with the current literature. These patients were discharged without any significant complications.
Burns ; Burns, Chemical* ; Calcium ; Calcium Gluconate ; Electrocardiography ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Hydrofluoric Acid* ; Magnesium ; Odors ; Skin

Neonatal hypocalcemia is not uncommon, especially in premature neonates. It is usually treated by intravenous calcium gluconate administration. However, complications caused by the extravasation of intravenous calcium gluconate include calcinosis cutis, calcium deposition in the dermis, which is irritating to soft tissues and can produce tissue necrosis. We report a case of iatrogenic calcinosis cutis in a 27-day-old preterm baby following the extravasation of calcium gluconate. In this case, calcinosis cutis occurred along the venous pathway in a rare vascular calcification pattern but spontaneously resolved 2 months later. Although iatrogenic calcinosis cutis is generally benign, early recognition of the extravasation of calcium gluconate is important to avoid severe complications. This report aimed to provide a warning about the risks associated with intravenous calcium gluconate and information about the course of a rare presentation of the common disease calcinosis cutis with vascular calcification.
Calcinosis* ; Calcium ; Calcium Gluconate* ; Dermis ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; Infant, Newborn ; Necrosis ; Vascular Calcification

We recently treated an infant with abnormal calcification in the soft tissues of the wrist and hand caused by an intravenous injection of calcium gluconate for treatment of neonatal hypocalcemia. The cause of the soft tissue calcifications was quite puzzling, if the incident of calcium gluconate extravasation had been overlooked, because the lesions mimicked for cellulitis or abscesses and treated as such. All radiographic evidence of calcification gradually resorbed by conservative management.
Abscess ; Calcium Gluconate ; Calcium ; Cellulitis ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Injections, Intravenous ; Wrist