Mutagenicity of CORAGRAF (natural coral) and REKAGRAF (hydroxyapatite) was tested in Ames test with and without an external metabolic activation system (S9). The test revealed no mutagenic activity of both locally produced osseous substitutes.
Base Pair Mismatch/drug effects ; Biotransformation/physiology ; Bone Substitutes/*toxicity ; Calcium Carbonate/*toxicity ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Hydroxyapatites/*toxicity ; *Materials Testing ; *Mutagenicity Tests ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics

OBJECTIVETo determine the effects of water hardness on the toxicities of cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) to a freshwater fish, Capoeta fusca.

METHODSToxicity was investigated by static bioassay. Fish were exposed to cobalt (as CoCl(2)) and nickel (as NiCl(2)) for 96 h in waters with two levels of hardness ("hard" and "very hard", nominally 130 mg/L and 350 mg/L as CaCO(3), respectively).

RESULTSWater hardness had a significant effect on the acute toxicity of both elements. The 96 h LC(50) values for Co were 91.7 mg/L and 204.8 mg/L in hard and very hard waters, respectively, and for Ni the 96 h LC(50) values were 78.0 mg/L and 127.2 mg/L, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe fish were more sensitive to Co and Ni toxicity in hard water than in very hard water; very hard water protects C. fusca against the toxicity of Co and Ni.

Animals ; Calcium Carbonate ; analysis ; Cobalt ; analysis ; toxicity ; Cyprinidae ; growth & development ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water ; analysis ; Iran ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Nickel ; analysis ; toxicity ; Toxicity Tests, Acute ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; analysis ; toxicity