Adolescent ; Calcaneus ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Osteochondroma ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Calcaneus ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Radiography ; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Young Adult

Adult ; Bone Cysts ; diagnostic imaging ; Calcaneus ; Female ; Humans ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Calcaneus ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; physiopathology ; Foot Injuries ; classification ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Fractures, Bone ; classification ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Humans ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo establish the three-dimensional finite element model of calcaneus, and to discuss mechanism of calcaneal fracture.

METHODSThe calcaneus of normal person was scanned with spinal CT, and the finite element model was established with the Sap 93 software. The node and element number of this model was 1 959 and 1 496 respectively. After establishing the finite element model of the calcaneus, the axial load of 500 N was applied on the model in neutral position and back stretches 20 degree position. The stress distribution and the displacement of the models were observed.

RESULTSThe fracture line passed through the lateral articular facet of talocalcaneal joint when the ankle joint was in neutral position, and the stress distribution was maximal at calcaneus from posteromedial to anterolateral aspect. In addition, the stress distribution was maximal from calcaneus to position between posterior talar articular surface and calcaneal tendon when the ankle joint was in back stretch position of 20 degree.

CONCLUSIONWhen falling down, the fracture line will pass through the facet of talocalcaneal joint from lateral to posteromedial side if the ankle joint was in neutral position; and the line will through pass the calcaneus body to post spinula joint, as well as avulsion fracture of calcaneal tendon occurred if the ankle joint was in back stretch position of 20 degree.

Adult ; Calcaneus ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Finite Element Analysis ; Fractures, Bone ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the characteristic morphology of heel spur, and to investigate the relationship of heel spur and plantar heel pain.

METHODSFrom June 2005 to April 2009, 210 cases (254 feet) with heel spur (according to Denis Pain Scale) were divided into cases group 1 (P2, n = 46), 2 (P3, n = 44), 3 (P4, n = 42), 4 (P5, n = 36) and controls group (P1, n = 42). Three-dimensional reconstruction of heel spur was performed in all groups using volume rendering based on multi-slice CT data by Super Image orthopedics edition 1.0. The characteristic morphology of heel spur was observed and the data were measured and analyzed, involving the width of basilar part, the length, the angle between heel spur and planta pedis, and the angle between the longitudinal axis of calcaneus and heel spur.

RESULTSParts of cases groups displayed coarse arcuate edge and undersurface with one or more little heel spurs adhere to heel spur, of which the numbers were greater than controls group, especially in cases group 4. No significant difference of the width of basilar part of heel spur was found among 5 groups (F = 2.32, P > 0.05). However, obvious difference was found in the length, the angle between heel spur and planta pedis, and the angle between the longitudinal axis of calcaneus and heel spur (F = 8.23, 6.82, 5.87, P < 0.05). Compared with the controls group, the angle between heel spur and planta pedis of cases groups had higher degrees, but the difference of the other data presented irregular.

CONCLUSIONSThe characteristic morphology of heel spur varies in patients associated with plantar heel pain. No correlation is found between the severity and the morphological data, including the width of basilar part, the length, the angle between heel spur and planta pedis, and the angle between the longitudinal axis of calcaneus and heel spur.

Aged ; Calcaneus ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Heel Spur ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo design a kind of adjustable triangle external fixator, and to use it for treating calcaneal fractures.

METHODSThe external fixator was installed into extremity near the both sides of three Kirschner wires crossing the calcaneal tubercle, the lower end of the tibia and the first cuneiform. The support rod length was adjusted to ensure the Kirschner wires affecting the calcaneal tubercle, so the Böhler angle and anteroposterior diameter of the calcaneus were recovered. From April in 2003 to April in 2008, the external fixators were used to treat 34 patients with calcaneal fractures, including 30 males and 4 females, ranging in age from 19 to 54 years, with an average of 36.7 years. The Böhler angles were -5 degree to 15 degree, with an average of 13.5 degrees. According to Sander's classification, 2 patients were type II, 20 patients were type III, and 12 patients were type IV.

RESULTSThirty-four patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 3 months to 4 years, averaged 25 months. The Böhler angle recovered to 30 degree to 40 degrees, with a mean of 32.5 degrees. The Maryland mean score improved from preoperative (24.76+/-15.05) to postoperative (83.26+/-16.81). Based on Maryland criteria, 8 patients got an excellent result, 21 good, 3 fair and 2 bad.

CONCLUSIONThe adjustable triangle external fixator for treating calcaneal fractures has the following advantages : simple approach, good recovery, little reinjury and complications, effectiveness to recovery Böhler angle and anteroposterior diameter of calcaneal, which is an ideal method to treat calcaneal fractures.

Adult ; Calcaneus ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; surgery ; External Fixators ; Female ; Fractures, Bone ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Theoretical ; Radiography ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the results of intra-articular calcaneal fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation.

METHODSThirty-five displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures in 34 patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation from August 2001 to April 2003. Fracture classification was based on Sanders classification. Extended lateral approach, and fixed the fractures with AO titanium plate for calcaneus were performed. Bone graft was used in selected patients. Thirty-five fractures in thirty-four patients were evaluated using radiographic examinations and ankle hindfoot clinical rating system of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS). Average follow-up was 18.3 months (range from 12 to 32 months).

RESULTSThere were 30 type II fractures and 5 type III fractures. Average Böhler's angle was 5.6 degrees preoperatively and 28.2 degrees finally. Roentgenographic evaluation of calcaneal body dimensions showed restoration of heel height (97.7%) to virtually normal. Anatomic or near anatomic reductions were obtained in 80% of the cases. The average score was 88.1 for type II fractures, and 78.8 for type III fractures. Excellent or good clinical results occurred in 82.8% type II fractures, and 60.0% type III fractures. The overall excellent or good rate was 79.4%.

CONCLUSIONFrom the results, open reduction and internal fixation for Sanders type II and type III fractures are recommended.

Adult ; Calcaneus ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; adverse effects ; methods ; Fractures, Bone ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radiography ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: Five measurements of the calcaneus taken on digital radiography (DR) of adults of Han Population of Sichuan Province were selected to determine sex by multivariate discriminant analysis. METHODS: Lateral radiographs of calcaneus taken from 393 subjects were collected. The samples were randomly divided into the experimental group (148 males and 186 females) and the examined group (26 males and 33 females). Five measurements were taken from the radiography. The analysis of variance (AVON) was carried out to determine if there was significant difference between the male and female. The discriminant functions were drawn by Fisher discriminant analysis. The effects of all obtained functions were evaluated with the examined samples. RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference in the five measurements between the males and the females (P<0.05). Six groups of discriminant functions were obtained with an accuracy ranged from 78.4% to 88.9%. When applied on the examined samples, the sex discriminant accuracy varied from 79.7% to 86.4%. CONCLUSION These five measurements acquired from the lateral radiographs of calcaneus could be used for sex assessment during forensic identification of individuals.
Calcaneus/diagnostic imaging* ; Discriminant Analysis ; Female ; Forensic Anthropology/methods* ; Humans ; Male ; Radiographic Image Enhancement ; Sex Determination by Skeleton ; Young Adult

A 30-year-old woman presented with a six-month history of left posterior heel pain. Physical examination revealed a tender, inflamed and indurated posterior heel with a visible bony prominence of the posterosuperior aspect of the calcaneus. Lateral ankle radiography showed a prominent left posterosuperior calcaneal tuberosity and thickening of the distal Achilles tendon outline. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated high-signal inflammatory fluid in the retrocalcaneal bursa, increased signal intensity and thickening of the Achilles tendon, and prominence of the posterior calcaneus tuberosity with reactive marrow oedema. The findings are consistent with Haglund's deformity. The patient underwent hind foot surgery after failing a six-month course of conservative therapy. There was no further recurrence of symptoms after surgery. The clinical and radiological features of Haglund's deformity are described, including a short discussion of other causes of hind foot pain.
Achilles Tendon ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Adult ; Bone and Bones ; surgery ; Calcaneus ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Female ; Foot ; diagnostic imaging ; Foot Deformities ; surgery ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pain ; etiology ; Treatment Outcome