Calbindin 2 ; metabolism ; Colon ; metabolism ; Hirschsprung Disease ; metabolism ; Humans

Evaluation of serous effusions can include immunocytochemical stains that differentiate reactive mesothelial cell from adenocarcinoma cell. Among several positive mesothelial cell markers, we used desmin, CK5/6, WT1 and calretinin all known to have high sensitivity and specificity as selective mesothelial cell markers. We studied smears obtained with cytospin from 15 malignant and eight benign effusions. The mesothelial cells were positively stained by desmin, CK5/6, WT1 and calretinin in 60.9%, 29.1%, 26.7% and 56.5%, respectively among 8 benign and 15 malignant effusions; the adenocarcinoma cells were positively stained 6.7%, 13.3%, 1.0% and 0.0%, respectively among 15 malignant effusions. The percentage of positively stained mesothelial cells were somewhat lower for all antibodies compared to the results of previous studies. This was likely due to the differences in preparation methods and fixatives among studies. In conclusion, the use of desmin and calretinin were more valuable than CK5/6 and WT1 for distinguishing between reactive mesothelial cell and adenocarcinoma cells in serous effusion; however, choice of the proper preparation methods and fixatives are also important
Adenocarcinoma* ; Antibodies ; Calbindin 2 ; Coloring Agents ; Desmin ; Fixatives ; Sensitivity and Specificity

The cytological distinction of carcinoma cells from reactive mesothelial cells in serous effusions may be difficult or impossible based on morphology alone, especially in specimens containing reactive mesothelial cells which form glandular or ball- or papillary-shaped conglomerates or which mimic malignant nuclear features. Calretinin is a newly reported immunocytochemical marker for mesothelial cells, which can potentially be utilized for facilitating this distinction. This study evaluated the usefulness of calretinin for the discrimination between reactive mesothelial and metastatic carcinoma cells in serous effusion. Immunocytochemical staining was undertaken on 33 benign reactive and 87 malignant serous effusion specimens with histologically confirmed diagnoses. The specimens including smears and cell blocks were stained with polyclonal antibody to calretinin by labelled streptavidin-biotin method. The positive expression of calretinin was noted in 32(97.0%) of 33 benign reactive effusions and 9(10.3%) of 87 malignant effusions. The sensitivity and specificity of the calretinin immunostaining for reactive mesothelial cells was 97.0% and 89.7%, respectively. In conclusion, calretinin is a useful marker for distinguishing between reactive mesothelial cells and carcinoma cells in serous effusions.
Calbindin 2* ; Diagnosis ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Sensitivity and Specificity

PURPOSE: Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) is a congenital intestinal disorder with absence of ganglion cells in the intestinal muscle and submucosa. Diagnosis is based on histopathological study such as H&E, and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) immunohistochemistry. Calretinin immunohistochemistry was introduced as a new diagnostic method against limitations of other staining. The aim of this study is to investigate the usefulness of calretinin immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of HD compared to H&E and AchE. METHODS: Ten patients with HD and 22 non-HD patients were included in the study. H&E staining, AchE and calretinin immunohistochemistry were performed in all 32 patients. All slides were evaluated by same single pathologist and the diagnostic value was calculated for each H&E stain, AchE immunohistochemical staining, and calretinin immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: Calretinin method had sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 100% for diagnosis of HD. Its diagnostic accuracy was 100%. AchE staining showed 100% of specificity and 80% of sensitivity. Diagnostic accuracy of H&E staining was 56.3%. CONCLUSION: We concluded that calretinin immunohistochemistry is a very useful and valuable method to diagnosis HD patient.
Acetylcholinesterase ; Biopsy* ; Calbindin 2* ; Diagnosis ; Ganglion Cysts ; Hematoxylin ; Hirschsprung Disease ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Suction*

Mammalian cochlea undergoes morphological and functional changes during the postnatal period, around the hearing onset. Major changes during the initial 2 postnatal weeks of mouse include maturation of sensory hair cells and supporting cells, and acquisition of afferent and efferent innervations. During this period, supporting cells in the greater epithelial ridge (GER) of the cochlea exhibit spontaneous and periodic activities which involves ATP, increase in intracellular Ca2+, and cell volume change. This Ca2+-dependent volume change has been proposed to involve chloride channels or transporters. We found that the spontaneous volume changes were eliminated by anion channel blocker, 100 microM NPPB. Among candidates, expression of Anoctamin-1 (Ano1 or TMEM16A), bestriphin-1 and NKCC1 were investigated in whole-mount cochlea of P9-10 mice. Immunolabeling indicated high level of Ano1 expression in the GER, but not of betrophin-1 or NKCC1. Double-labeling with calretinin and confocal image analysis further elucidated the cellular localization of Ano1 immunoreactivity in supporting cells. It was tested if the Ano1 expression exhibits similar time course to the spontaneous activities in postnatal cochlear supporting cells. Cochlear preparations from P2-3, P5-6, P9-10, P15-16 mice were subjected to immunolabeling. High level of Ano1 immunoreactivity was observed in the GER of P2-3, P5-6, P9-10 cochleae, but not of P15-17 cochleae. Taken together, the localization and time course in Ano1 expression pattern correlates with the spontaneous, periodic volume changes recorded in postnatal cochlear supporting cells. From these results we propose that Ano1 is the pacemaker of spontaneous activities in postnatal cochlea.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Animals ; Calbindin 2 ; Cell Size ; Chloride Channels ; Cochlea* ; Hair ; Hearing ; Mice*

The presence of benign mesothelial cell inclusions in the mediastinal lymph node is extremely rare and thus difficult for the pathologist distinguishing from sinus histiocytosis, metastatic carcinoma, or metastatic mesothelioma. We recently had a case of benign mesothelial cell inclusions in the mediastinal lymph node, which is initially misinterpreted as metastatic carcinoma of unknown origin. However, further clinical studies failed to identify the primary site. Subsequent immunostaining with calretinin demonstrated the strong nuclear and cytoplasmic immunore-activity, suggesting that these cells are mesothelial cells. It is important that when the nodal changes resemble metastatic carcinoma morphologically in the mediastinal lymph nodes, but the primary site can not be identified clinically, the possibility of mesothelial cell inclusions should be raised and the proper use of immunohistochemistry in conjunction with a clinical finding is recommended.
Calbindin 2 ; Cytoplasm ; Epithelium ; Histiocytosis, Sinus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes* ; Mediastinum ; Mesothelioma

Well differentiated papillary mesothelioma (WDPM) is an unusual variant of epithelial mesothelioma. Most WDPMs exhibit either benign or indolent behavior. Making the differential diagnosis between this rare tumor and serous papillary carcinoma can be problematic. We report here on a case of a 43-year-old woman with a WDPM of the surface. She presented to our hospital for a routine gynecologic evaluation, and she had no specific symptoms or a history of asbestos exposure. Gynecologic ultrasonography revealed a right ovarian mass that measured 6 x 3.8 x 3 cm in size. No ascites was detected. Right salpingo-oophorectomy was performed; grossly, the tumor was a yellowish firm, multinodular mass. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of numerous papillae that were lined by a single layer of uniform mesothelial cells. Nuclear pleomorphism and mitoses were not found. On immunohistochemical study, the tumor cells were positive for calretinin and cytokeratin, but they were negative for CEA. It is important to differentiate WDPM from serous papillary carcinoma or other malignant tumors to avoid treating them as malignant tumors.
Adult ; Asbestos ; Ascites ; Calbindin 2 ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Keratins ; Mesothelioma* ; Mitosis ; Ovary ; Ultrasonography

Primary mucinous cystic neoplasms of the retroperitoneum in women are rare and show histologic features similar to their ovarian or pancreatic counterparts. We present three cases of primary retroperitoneal mucinous neoplasms of variable malignant potentials including a cystadenocarcinoma in a 50-year-old woman, a cystic neoplasm of borderline malignancy in a 31-year-old woman, and a cystadenoma in a 67-year-old woman. All cases showed histologic features similar to mucinous tumors of the ovary. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated positivity for calretinin in case 3. The histogenesis of these neoplasms can be assumed most likely to be mucinous metaplasia of the mesothelium or undetected heterotopic pancreatic tissue. Appropriate management is thought to be the same as for analogous ovarian neoplasms.
Adult ; Aged ; Calbindin 2 ; Cystadenocarcinoma ; Cystadenoma ; Epithelium ; Female ; Humans ; Metaplasia ; Middle Aged ; Mucins* ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Ovary

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by hyperexcitability in the brain. Its pathogenesis is classically associated with an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Calretinin (CR) is one of the three major types of calcium-binding proteins present in inhibitory GABAergic neurons. The functions of CR and its role in neural excitability are still unknown. Recent data suggest that CR neurons have diverse neurotransmitters, morphologies, distributions, and functions in different brain regions across various species. Notably, CR neurons in the hippocampus, amygdala, neocortex, and thalamus are extremely susceptible to excitotoxicity in the epileptic brain, but the causal relationship is unknown. In this review, we focus on the heterogeneous functions of CR neurons in different brain regions and their relationship with neural excitability and epilepsy. Importantly, we provide perspectives on future investigations of the role of CR neurons in epilepsy.
Amygdala/metabolism* ; Calbindin 2/metabolism* ; Epilepsy ; GABAergic Neurons ; Hippocampus/metabolism* ; Humans

The present study was undertaken to investigate the morphological characteristics of trigeminal ganglion in Korean native goat (Capra hircus) by immunohistochemical methods. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), galanin (GAL) and calretinin (CR) immunoreactivities by immunohistochemical method were observed in the neurons of trigeminal ganglion with populations of 43.75%, 26.01%, 4.98%, and 14.33%, respectively. In double immunohistochemical study, CGRP immunoreactivity was proven to be present in SP (93.93%) and GAL (100%) immunoreactive neurons. SP immunoreactivity was observed in CGRP (36.12%) and GAL (100%) immunore-active neurons. GAL immunoreactivity was colocalized with 8.14% of CGRP and 15.47% of SP immunoreactive neurons. However, CR immunoreactivity was not observed in CGRP, SP and GAL immunoreactive neurons. These findings exhibit that Korean native goat differs from other mammalian species in the distribution and localization of neurochemical substances in trigeminal ganglion, and suggest that these differences may be related with neuroanatomical characteristics.
Calbindin 2* ; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide ; Galanin ; Goats* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neurons ; Neurotransmitter Agents* ; Substance P ; Trigeminal Ganglion*