Objective: To investigate the hot spots and epidemiologic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Jinan municipality from 2009 to 2016. Methods: Disease reports of HFMD in Jinan from 2009-2016 were collected and analyzed with ArcGis 10.2 to show the hot spot in different villages and towns, as well as clustering analysis and descriptive epidemiology to show epidemiologic characteristics. Results: A total of 89 486 HFMD cases were reported and the reported annual incidence rate was 160.94/100000 during the 7-year period, which increased year by year, and within the whole city, each county was at a higher epidemic level; the curve of incidence is unimodal and the incidence peak occurred mostly between May and August, especially in June; 115 severe cases were reported and the ratio was 0.13%. Of the reported cases, 81.51% were between 1 to 4 years old; 60.36 % were children living scattered. The hot spots were like a circle surrounding the core areas, showing a tendency of increase; the proportion of EV71, CVA16 and other enteroviruses were 33.67%、37.22%and 29.09%, respectively, and they appeared in turn, but severe cases were mostly affected by EV71. Conclusions The HFMD in Jinan is in a highly prevalent level, with low ratio of severe cases. Seasonal(high in summer) and unimodal; more common among children between 1 to 4 years old, living scatted and in urban and rural linking areas, with the tendency of increasing of hot spots; prevalent pathogens appear in turn.

A triple-transgenic (tyrosine hydroxylase/dopamine decarboxylase/GTP cyclohydrolase 1, TH/DDC/GCH1) bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell line (BMSCs) capable of stably synthesizing dopamine (DA) transmitters were established to provide experimental evidence for the clinical treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by using this cell line. The DA-BMSCs cell line that could stably synthesize and secrete DA transmitters was established by using the triple transgenic recombinant lentivirus. The triple transgenes (TH/DDC/GCH1) expression in DA-BMSCs was detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Moreover, the secretion of DA was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chromosome G-banding analysis was used to detect the genetic stability of DA-BMSCs. Subsequently, the DA-BMSCs were stereotactically transplanted into the right medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of Parkinson's rat models to detect their survival and differentiation in the intracerebral microenvironment of PD rats. Apomorphine (APO)-induced rotation test was used to detect the improvement of motor dysfunction in PD rat models with cell transplantation. The TH, DDC and GCH1 were expressed stably and efficiently in the DA-BMSCs cell line, but not expressed in the normal rat BMSCs. The concentration of DA in the cell culture supernatant of the triple transgenic group (DA-BMSCs) and the LV-TH group was extremely significantly higher than that of the standard BMSCs control group (P < 0.000 1). After passage, DA-BMSCs stably produced DA. Karyotype G-banding analysis showed that the vast majority of DA-BMSCs maintained normal diploid karyotypes (94.5%). Moreover, after 4 weeks of transplantation into the brain of PD rats, DA-BMSCs significantly improved the movement disorder of PD rat models, survived in a large amount in the brain microenvironment, differentiated into TH-positive and GFAP-positive cells, and upregulated the DA level in the injured area of the brain. The triple-transgenic DA-BMSCs cell line that stably produced DA, survived in large numbers, and differentiated in the rat brain was successfully established, laying a foundation for the treatment of PD using engineered culture and transplantation of DA-BMSCs.
Rats ; Animals ; Dopamine ; Parkinson Disease/metabolism* ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism* ; Cell Line ; Brain/metabolism* ; Cell Differentiation ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation