With the frequent outbreaks of food contamination events all around the world , the international reg-ulation of food safety has been paid more and more attention in the international society .At present , regulations of in-ternational law on food safety showed the following trends .Firstly, international law regulates food safety in three di-rections, which are in the directions of market surveillance human rights and public health .Secondly, both interna-tional hard law and international soft law play equal role in regulating food safety at the same time .Thirdly, Multina-tional Companies,Non-governmental organizations ,the public and the media have responsibility and play a more and more important role in the governance of food safety .Fourthly , a global governance framework and network of food safety is coming into being .

Objective To investigate the impact of nursing intervention on the prevention of deep venous thrombosis after orthopaedic surgery of lower extremities.Methods 104 patients were selected from our hospital after orthopaedic surgery of lower extremities were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group with 52 cases in each group,the control group was given normal routine care,the observation group received target-oriented nursing.The incidence of deep venous thrombosis was compared between the two groups.Results The rate of deep venous thrombosis in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group.Conclusions Through targeted nursing intervention,we can effectively prevent deep venous thrombosis after orthopaedic surgery of lower extremities,so it deserved promotion and application in clinic.

Objective To study the effect of treating gouty arthritis with Chinese herbal medicines. Methods 64 patients were randomly recruited into a control group and a treatment group, with 32 cases in each group. The treatment group was treated with taking self-made Qingrelishijiedu formula orally and applying Sanhuang powder externally, while the control group was treated with Xinhuang tablets. Results The cure rate of the healing group was 95.45% in comparison with 86.06%in the control group, showing obvious difference (t=3.25, P＜0.05). The level of blood uric acid of both group reduced after the treatment. The level of blood uric acid of the treatment group was (498.2±79.1) μmol/L before the treatment and (338.6±39.9 ) μmol/L after the treatment, contrasting to (492.3 ± 87.5 ) μ mol/L and ( 396.2 ± 67.3 ) μmol/L in the control group. The difference was also statistically obvious (t=3.09, P＜0.05). Conclusion The effect of treating gouty arthritis by Chinese herbal medicine both orally taken and externally applied was better than western medicine exclusively.

Objective To investigate the sensitivities and the characteristics and the clinical diagnostic values of the electroencephalography(EEG) and brain electrical activity mapping(BEAM) in patients with acute cerebral infarction in early stage. Methods Early stage EEG of 120 patients with acute cerebral infarction were examined in 72 hours and then analyzed and compared with brain CT. Results In the early stages( ≤72 h) of cerebral infarction,the abnormality rate of brain CT was 73.3%, but the EEG abnormality rate was 90%, and there was a significant difference between them(P ＜0. 01). The focal EEG abnormality and generalized EEG abnormalities with focal changes were mainly noted in the patients. The focal alteration in powers of α and δ frequency bands in BEAM might help localize and lateralize the focus. Conclusion As an inspecting method for patients with early stage cerebral infarction, EEG has high sensitivity, therefore they could be effectively used in early clinical diagnosis and determination of the disease.

Objective To explore the mechanism of azithromycin for intervening with inflammation of rats with chronic ob‐structive pulmonary disease (COPD) via TLR‐4/NF‐κB signal pathway .Methods Thirty‐six SD rats were divided into health con‐trol group ,model group and azithromycin group .The rat COPD model in the model group and the azithromycin group was estab‐lished by smoking and intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide for 1 month .At 30 min before smoking ,the azithromycin group was given azithromycin 50 mg/kg by gavage ,while the health control group and model group were given the equal amount of normal saline .One month later ,rats were sacrificed and lung tissue was obtained .The pathological morphology of the lung was ob‐served by the HE staining .The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to detect the level of TNF‐α,IL‐1βand IL‐6 from lung tissue homogenate .The expression of TLR4 ,NF‐κB and pp65 mRNA was detected by RT‐PCR .The expression of TLR4 ,NF‐κB ,pp65 ,MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 protein was detected by Western blot .The cytological classification and count in bron‐choalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were performed .Results Compared with the model group ,the azithromycin group could improve the lung tissue morphology ,decreased the neutrophil granulocyte count(P< 0 .01) ,reduced the secretion of TNF‐α,IL‐1β,IL‐6 , MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in lung tissue homogenates(P<0 .01) ,and suppressed the expression of TLR4 and pp65 phosphorylation level (P<0 .01) .Conclusion Azithromycin can intervene with inflammation of rats with COPD .

Objective To study the clinical effect of JingFang QingRe Powder treating infantile common cold by syndrome differentiation. Methods 80 patients were randomly recruited into a treatment group and a control group, with 40 cases in each group. The control group was taken with conventional western medicines, while the treatment group was taken with modified JingFang QingRe powder. Results Both groups shared the same effective rate of 85.0%. But the side effects in the treatment group was significantly lower than the control group (P< 0.05 ) . Conclusion It is ideal to treat the infantile common cold with traditional Chinese medicines in terms of both clinical effects and adverse effects.

Objective:To construct a recombinant retroviral vector expressing pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1(PDX-1) gene and express the PDX-1 expression cassette in liver progenitor cells(LEPCs),so as to study the conversion of hepatic cells to pancreatic-like cells.Methods: The full length of PDX-1 gene was amplified by PCR and subcloned into pMSCVpuro vector.The pMSCV PDX-1 puro was then introduced into Phoenix package cells and the cell culture supernatant was used for Ping-Pong infection of another packaging cell line PT67 to obtain stable virus-producing cell line.Results: The pMSCV PDX-1 puro vector was successfully constructed and transfected into PT67 cells.The viral supernatants of PT67 cells efficiently infected LEPCs in vitro and the infected LEPCs stably expressed PDX-1 gene.Conclusion: The pMSCV PDX-1 puro vector and PDX-1 expressing LEPCs have been successfully constructed,laying a basis for studying the transdifferentiation of liver progenitor cells to pancreas lineage cells.

Objective:To construct a recombinant retroviral vector harboring MafA and to establish a liver epithelial progenitor cell(LEPC)line for stable expression of MafA.Methods:MafA was amplified by PCR and suncloned into pBMN-Z- IRES-Neo vector to obtain pBMH-MafA-Neo vector.After introducing the pBMN-MafA-Neo into Phoenix package cells,the cell culture supernatant was used to infect LEPCs.LEPCs stably expressing MafA gene were screened out.RT-PCR was used to detect the influence of MafA on the phenotype of LEPCs.Results:We successfully constructed pBMH-MafA-Neo vector and obtained LEPCs which stably expressed MafA.Expression of GK and GLUT2 genes in LEPCs-MafA cells was higher than that in the LEPCs.Conclusion:We have successfully obtained LEPCs which can stably express MafA,laying a basis for studying the differentiation of LEPCs into pancreas cells.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of polysccharide on sodium nitroprusside-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. METHODS: PC12 cells were cultured and divided into control,damage,PSS(50,100,150 ?g?mL-1) and nimodipine groups. The cell survival was measured by MTT assay. The apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. The levels of LDH,MDA,SOD,Ca2+i and the caspase-3 activity were determined as well. RESULTS: Compared with the damage group,PSS could significantly reduce cell death rate,lower the efflux of LDH and production of MDA,increase SOD activity,lower the activities of intracellular Ca2+i and caspase-3 activity,and inhibit apoptosis of PC12 cells. CONCLUSION: The remarkable protective effect of PSS on sodium nitroprusside-induced damage of PC12 cells is possibly related to its antagonistic action on intracellular calcium accumulation and anti-peroxidation of lipid.

Objective To determine the associations of visceral adipose tissue area and retinol binding protein 4(RBP4) with bone mineral density (BMD) in the postmenopausal patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods The cross-sectional study involved 69 postmenopausal patients with T2DM (aged 40-73 years) in our hospital,they were divided into 4 groups:group 1:BMI ＜26.0 kg/m2,VAT＜ 155.3 cm2 ; group 2:BMI ＜ 26.0 kg/m2,VAT＞ 155.3 cm2 ; group 3:BMI ＜26.0 kg/m2,VAT＜155.3 cm2;group 4:BMI＜26.0 kg/m2,VAT＞155.3 cm2.The visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) area were obtained by computed tomography(CT) and BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).Results VAT area had negative associanons with lumbar spine BMD (LS-BMD) and greater trochanter BMD (GT-BMD) (r=-0.367,r=-0.301),and with LS-BMD,GT-BMD,femoral neck BMD (FN-BMD) and intertrochanter BMD (IT-BMD) even after adjusting for body mass index(BMI) and SAT (r =-0.433,-0.432,-0.300,-0.297,all P＜0.05).A negative relationship was showed between LNRBP4 and LS-BMD in postmenopausal female patients (all P ＜ 0.05.) The postmenopausal female patients with T2DM were divided into four groups according to the mean values of BMI and VAT area.BMD at any site of group 3(LS-BMD:1.00±0.20,FN-BMD:0.82±0.17,IT-BMD:1.13±0.21,GT-BMD:0.76±0.18) were higher than group 2(0.79±0.14,0.70±0.10,0.95±0.14,0.58±0.11).The multiple regression indicated that the variation of predictors (age,DUR,BMI,VAT,HbA1c,FINS and PMT) explained 51.7％,52.2％,59.8％ and 75.3％ of the variation in LS-BMD.FN-BMD,IT-BMD,GT-BMD among subjects,respectively(all P＜0.01).Conclusions The influence of fat on bone density may depend on its site of VAT or SAT.VAT could be an independent determinant factor of BMDin the postmenopausal female with T2DM.Serum RBP4 may contribute to this effect.