Poststroke depression (PSD) is the most common neurological and psychiatric complications after stroke.A large number of studies have showed that PSD is the result of a variety of mechanisms on the basis of stroke.This article reviews the pathophysiology mechanisms of PSD.

BACKGROUND: Repetitive brief and non-lethal cerebral ischemia can produce cumulative neuronal damage and vascular dementia; however, precisely injured patterns and mechanisms are still unclear. Thalamus is an important structure of learning and memory; meanwhile, it is also one of the selectively vulnerable regions of cerebral ischemia.However, there are a few reports about neuronal damage induced by repetitive cerebral ischemia.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathological damage and mechanism of neurons induced by repetitive cerebral ischemia in thalamus.DESIGN: Randomized controlled experimental study.SETTING: Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out at the Animal Central Laboratory of the Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA from March to December 1999. A total of 72 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, single cerebral ischemic group,repetitive cerebral ischemic group, MK-801 treatment group and saline group.METHODS: Transient global cerebral ischemia models of rats were established with modified Pulsinelli-4 vessel occluing method for single 15-minute ischemia and repetitive three 5-minute ischemia at hourly intervals,followed by 5 hours, 2 days and 4 days of survival. Rats in sham operation group were not treated with burning vertebral artery and clipping common carotid artery. 45Ca autoradiography and light microscopy were used to determine the calcium accumulation and neuronal pathological changes of thalamus following repetitive cerebral ischemia as compared with single cerebral ischemia. The effects of MK-801, a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)receptor antagonist, were also examined.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Distribution and degree of calcium accumulation and neuronal damage in the thalamus of rats in each group.RESULTS: Sham-operated rats revealed no abnormal calcium accumulation and neuronal damage in the thalamus. At 5 hours following ischemia,slightly abnormal calcium accumulation was found in the partial thalamus of the repeated ischemic group, and the neuronal damage was also relatively severer than that in the single ischemic group (0.98±0.19, 0.60±0.14, P＞ 0.05). At 2 days after ischemia, obviously abnormal calcium accumula tion and neuronal damage were shown in thalamus, and the degree of calcium accumulation and score of neuronal damage in repeated ischemic group were significantly severer than that in single ischemic group (1.62±0.31, 0.88±0.21, P ＜ 0.01). At 4 days, the thalamus calcium accumulation and neuronal damage were further increased, and also that in repeated ischemic group was significantly severer than that in single ischemic group (1.80±0.21, 1.02±0.23, P ＜ 0.01), especially marked calcium accumulation and cumulative damage were shown in the ventral thalamus. MK-801 significantly relieved the abnormal calcium accumulation and neuronal damage in the thalamus in repeated ischemic group, showing significant protection of thalamus neurons as compared with that in saline-treated group (0.20±0.12, 1.80±0.15, P ＜ 0.01).CONCLUSION: Repetitive non-lethal cerebral ischemia results in an intense cumulative damage in the ventral thalamus, and the excitatory amino acid and Ca2+ may play a major role in it.

Objective To study the influence of the professional family intervention on cohesion and adaptability of breast cancer patients.Methods One hundred and twenty-eight breast cancer patients were randomly divided into control group and intervention group in equal number.The control group was given conventional nursing and the intervention group interventions including nursing instruction for their families and caregivers,mental instructions,and regular follow-ups in terms of life and rehabilitative instructions.A Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale(FACESII-CV)was used for assessment before and after intervention.Result After intervention,the score on cohesion and adaptability of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the intervention group before intervention and the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The professional family interventions can effectively improve the family cohesion and adaptability of breast cancer patients.

Objective To assess pathological features of muscles as well as microvascular changes between muscle fibers in patients with dermatomyositis (DM),and to analyze pathological differences in muscles between DM and polymyositis (PM).Methods Specimens were obtained from involved muscles of 16 patients with DM,5 patients with PM,and from normal muscles of 9 patients with bone trauma (controls).Routine histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining for CD34 and CD61 were conducted.Results Of the 16 patients with DM,6 (37.5％) had perifascicular atrophy,3 ( 18.8 ％) had an obvious inflammatory cell infiltration around microvessels between muscle fibers.Perifascicular atrophy was absent in muscle specimens from patients with PM or bone trauma.The number of CD34-positive microvessels between muscle fibers was reduced in patients with DM,but normal in those with PM.CD61 was positive in perifascicular area of 10 patients (5 moderately positive and 5 weakly positive) with DM,with an expression rate of 62.5％,however,only 1 case of PM was weakly positive for CD61,and all the controls were negative.Conclusions There is a decrease in the number of microvessels but an enhancement of neovascularization between muscle fibers in involved muscles of patients with DM,which may serve as a pathological marker to distinguish DM from PM.

BACKGROUND:Electron beam melting rapid prototyping technology, has the characteristic of shaping precisely and complexly, is a new type of rapid prototyping technology using metal powder. Now, it has shown unique advantages in the fields of aerospace, automotive and medical implant equipments.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the properties of the product, the customization ability of orthopedic implants through electron beam melting rapid prototyping, especial y the ability of inducing bone ingrowth.
METHODS:We retrieved PubMed Database, China Journal Ful-text Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, as wel as Dongfang Daily, World Science, and Chinese Journal of Orthopaedics by hand, and assembly documents in Chinese and English. Retrieval time was up to September 2013. Inclusion criteria: ① articles concerning electron beam melting rapid prototyping technology; ② articles addressing surgical implants. A total of 50 articles were included.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Electron beam melting state Ti6Al4V orthopedic implant has a good comprehensive performance, since the three-dimensional porous structure via electron beam melting rapid prototyping, which has a characteristic of customization, can induce bone ingrowth.

Objective To discuss the correlation between MTHFR gene polymorphism and unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.Methods A case control study was used in this study,140 patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion(UR-SA) (abortion group)and 143 cases of normal women(control group)were recruited.Genomic DNA was obtained and extracted from the oral mucosa cells.Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to examine the MTHFR gene polymorphisms,and Taqman-MGB technology was conducted to analysis the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism and disease.Results There was statistically significant difference in the frequencies of C677T genotype and alleles between the two groups(P＜0.05).However,no significant difference in the frequencies of A1298C genotype and alleles between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism might be one of the genetic risk factors of URSA.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the positions and forms of temporomandibular joints (TMJ) with different vertical skeletal patterns in Class II division 1 patients.

METHODSCone- beam CT scans of 117 Class II division 1 adolescent patients (including 30 patients with high angle, 58 with average angle and 29 with low angle) were selected and reconstructed using Mimics 10.0 software. Fourteen measurements related to the positions and forms of condyle, forms of fossa and joint spaces were performed.

RESULTSCompared with high and average angle patients, the condyles in low angle patients located more posteriorly and inferiorly [the vertical distances between condyle and S was (20.67 ± 1.99)mm and the antero-posterior distances between condyle and S was (9.15 ± 1.61)mm]. The joint fossae were deeper [the fosse depths was (7.83 ± 1.06)mm]. The angles of posterior joint node bevels were bigger [the inclinations were (28.91 ± 3.94)° ]. The condyles were shorter, thicker, tipped more anteriorly and positioned more posteriorly [the proportions of post-positioned condyles of low angle, average angle and high angle patients were 26%, 4%, 0% respectively].

CONCLUSIONSClass II division 1 adolescents with different vertical skeletal patterns had different forms of fossae, and different positions and forms of condyles.

Adolescent ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Humans ; Malocclusion ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II ; Mandibular Condyle ; anatomy & histology ; Temporal Bone ; Temporomandibular Joint ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging

Objective : To investigate the effect of Rotundic acid (RA) on proliferation，migration and invasion a- bility of human lung adenocarcinoma cells as well as its possible mechanisms． Methods : Human lung adenocarci- noma A549 and PC9 cells were divided into control group，blank control group，solvent group and 20，40，60，80 μmol / L RA groups．CCK-8 assay and scratch assay were used to detect the proliferation and horizontal migration of human lung adenocarcinoma cells．Transwell migration assay and Transwell invasion assay were used to detect the longitudinal migration and invasion ability of A549 and PC9 cells in each group．The protein expression levels of ja- nus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( STAT3) in the supernatants of A549 and PC9 cells were detected by ELISA．The mRNA expression levels of JAK2 and STAT3 were detected by RT- PCR. Statistical analysis was made on the differences among groups in each index. Results : After RA treatment on human lung adenocarcinoma cells ，compared with the control group ，the proliferation activity of A549 and PC9 cells in the experimental groups decreased (P＜0. 05) ，the number of cells crossing polycarbonate membrane and matrix glue decreased (P＜0. 05) ，the expression of JAK2 and STAT3 proteins in cell supernatant decreased (P < 0. 05) ，and the mRNA expression of JAK2 and STAT3 decreased (P＜0. 05) ．The decrease of the above indices was concentration-dependent and had statistical significance (P＜0. 05) ．Compared with the control group，the pro- liferation activity of A549 and PC9 cells in the solvent group showed no significant difference． Conclusion RA may inhibit the proliferation，migration and invasion of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and PC9 cells in vitro， possibly through the inhibition of JAK2 / STAT3 pathway.