Objective To evaluate the feasibility and clinical therapeutic effect of unilateral pedicle screw fixation in treatment of thoracolumbar fractures. Methods From January 2008 to December 2012, 62 patients with thoracolumbar fractures were treated with unilateral pedicle screw fixation. X-ray were underwent after 3 to 5 days, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months respectively, observed vertebral fracture healing and compared the Cobb angle, vertebral front and rear edge height situation before and after surgery, sagittal last follow-up. Results All patients were followed up from 6~35 months with an average of 18 months. No internal fixation failure was found. The Cobb’angle, anterior and poste-rior vertebral body height before operation were(25.7±4.1)°, (49.6±1.8)%, (93.2±1.8)%, which by preoperative correction back to (9.2±1.5)°, (87.6±2.4)%, (97.2±1.9)% at last follow up. The kyphosis correction rate was (94.5±2.7)% and the correction loss rate was (2.3±0.7)%. Spinal cord function were improved level 1~3 (excepted 4 cases of patients with grade A and 2 cases with grade B). Conclusion The method of using unilateral pedicle screw fixation can strengthen the injured vertebra fixed strength and stability, and maintain the kyphosis deformity correction.