Gut microbial communities are likely remodeled in tandem with accumulated physiological decline during aging, yet there is limited understanding of gut microbiome variation in advanced age. Here, we performed a metagenomics-based enterotype analysis in a geographically homogeneous cohort of 367 enrolled Chinese individuals between the ages of 60 and 94 years, with the goal of characterizing the gut microbiome of elderly individuals and identifying factors linked to enterotype variations. In addition to two adult-like enterotypes dominated by Bacteroides (ET-Bacteroides) and Prevotella (ET-Prevotella), we identified a novel enterotype dominated by Escherichia (ET-Escherichia), whose prevalence increased in advanced age. Our data demonstrated that age explained more of the variance in the gut microbiome than previously identified factors such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or diet. We characterized the distinct taxonomic and functional profiles of ET-Escherichia, and found the strongest cohesion and highest robustness of the microbial co-occurrence network in this enterotype, as well as the lowest species diversity. In addition, we carried out a series of correlation analyses and co-abundance network analyses, which showed that several factors were likely linked to the overabundance of Escherichia members, including advanced age, vegetable intake, and fruit intake. Overall, our data revealed an enterotype variation characterized by Escherichia enrichment in the elderly population. Considering the different age distribution of each enterotype, these findings provide new insights into the changes that occur in the gut microbiome with age and highlight the importance of microbiome-based stratification of elderly individuals.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Bacteroides ; China ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology* ; Escherichia coli/classification* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics* ; Metagenomics ; East Asian People

Zi goose is a small local variety with high fecundity,good meat quality,roughage resist-ance,strong adaptability and excellent down quality.It is an excellent female parent for cross breeding among varieties.With the rapid development of goose industry,the variety of Zi goose has not been well protected,the variety is hybrid and degraded seriously,and the number of pure Zi goose is decreasing day by day.This paper reviewed the research progress on the breeding distribu-tion and preservation status of Zi goose and the variety characteristics of Zi goose,in order to pro-vide reference for the research,protection and utilization of germplasm resources of Zi goose and the stable development of goose industry.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and the correlation between the immune imbalance of T helper 17 cell/regulatory T cell (Th17/Treg) and cytokines in peripheral blood of patients with Beh?et's disease(BD).Methods:From January 2018 to November 2019, 82 outpatient and inpatient with BD of the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology of the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University with complete data were enrolled. The disease activity was evaluated according to BD Current Activity Form(BDCAF), and 66 age and matched healthy people were selected as the control group. The absolute numbers of lymphocyte subsets and T cell subsets dominated by Th17 and CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Treg in patients with BD and healthy controls were detected by Flow cytometry. The levels of interleukin (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, Interferon (IFN)-γ and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)-α in patients with BD were measured by Cytometric Beads Array (CBA). The correlations between the ratio of Th17/Treg with inflammatory index, the number of organ involved and the levels of cytokines were analyzed. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis H test, Spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. Results:①The absolute numbers of Th17 cells in peripheral blood of patients with active BD [13.9(7.7, 21.1) cells/μl] and patients with stable BD [8.7(6.1, 14.0) cells/μl] were higher than those of healthy controls [6.8(4.4, 8.5) cells/μl] ( P<0.01); The ratio of Th17/Treg was significantly increased ( P<0.01). The absolute co unts of Treg cells in BD group [24.79(15.64, 37.91) cells/μl] were sign-ificantly lower than those in healthy controls [30.59(23.04, 42.08) cells/μl], the difference was statistically significant ( P=0.016). ② The ratio of Th17/Treg was positively correlated with BDCAF ( r=0.298, P=0.007) and the number of organ involved ( r=0.304, P=0.006) was negatively correlated with age ( r=-0.254, P<0.05), and not correlated with the duration of disease and ESR ( P>0.05) in patients with BD. In addition, multiple linear stepwise regression showed that the ratio of Th17/Treg was positively correlated with BDCAF ( β=0.228, P=0.036) and negatively correlated with age ( β=-0.219, P=0.043), R2=0.101. ③ The levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ in patients with BD were stati-stically higher than those of healthy controls ( P<0.01). The ratio of Th17/Treg was positively correlated with the levels of IL-2 ( r=0.307, P<0.01) and IL-4 ( r=0.301, P<0.01) in patients with BD. Conclusion:There is immune imbalance of Th17/Treg in patients with BD, which is closely related to disease activity, the number of organ involved, and the levels of cytokines such as IL-2 and IL-4. IL-2 and IL-4 may play an important role in the immune imbal-ance of Th17/Treg in patients with BD.

Objective: To discuss the impact and practicability of pluralistic management when puerpera with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in hospital. Methods: By review researching and convenient sampling, two groups of puerpera with HBV were studied comparatively by the index of the time of breast milk, the breastfeeding rate and the satisfaction rate in hospital.The control group (411 cases, January to December, 2017) carried on the normal regulations nursing and the observation group (411 cases, January to October, 2018) carried on the pluralistic management in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital. Results: The rate of the starting time of milk secretion (<24, 24-48, 49-72, >72 h) was 29.4%(121/411), 36.0%(148/411), 24.6%(101/411), 1.0%(41/411) in the observation group, and 13.6%(56/411), 21.7%(89/411), 33.3%(137/411), 31.4%(129/411) in the control group. The differences between the two groups were significant (χ² value was 7.66-57.43, all P<0.01). Postpartum hospital stay in 3 days and 6 days, the breastfeeding rate and average rate was 90.4%(198/219), 95.3%(183/192), 92.7%(381/411) in the observation group, and 79.0%(180/228), 84.2%(154/183), 81.3%(334/411) in the control group, the differences between the two groups were significant (χ² value was 11.13, 12.7, 23.61, all P<0.01). The total satisfaction rate in hospital was 99.5%(409/411) in the observation group, and 91.2%(375/411) in the control group, the difference between the two groups was significant (χ² value was 31.93, P<0.01). Conclusions Pluralistic management can raise the rate of breastfeeding of puerpera with HBV and the satisfaction of puerpera with HBV and her family.

Objective To explore the hospital ship crew's awareness of infectious diseases-related knowledge, and to propose training plans accordingly.Methods Totally 75 non-medical crew members working on the hospital ship between November and December 2013 were selected as respondents by convenience sampling, and were investigated with self-designed questionnaires.Results A total of 54 out of 75 crew members (72.0%) worked for medical support on the hospital ship for less than 2 years. Only 3 of them (4.0%) had systematically learned knowledge related to infectious diseases. 88.0% of the crew members needed training to learn relevant knowledge. The average rate of unawareness of basic theoretical knowledge about infectious diseases was 63.2%, that of prevention and protection knowledge was 90.0%, that of sterilizing and isolating techniques was 60.7%, that of professional exposure-related knowledge was 71.6%, and that of professional safety prevention and protection skills was 50.3%.Conclusions The training of knowledge and skills related to infectious diseases for the hospital ship crew is of significance, which will not only secure the subjects of rescue, but also protect themselves against infectious diseases and make sure that their mission of offshore medical support can be completed successfully.

Objective By analyzing the predisposing factors for Ebora virus of medical personnel in Sierra Leone , and to explore the effective measures for prevention and control of infection .Methods A self-designed questionnaire , including general data , related knowledge of infectious disease , Ebola disinfection isolation skills, times of go out for non-work days, form of worship, family social number, etc.The inside and outside the hospital susceptible factors of the Ebola virus were analyzed .Results The secondary school education accounted for 43.69% in the Sierra Leone medical staff , which revealed a low education level .Only 25.29%of them had the knowledge related to the Ebola virus .14.94% had the knowledge of disinfection and isolation.85.06% medical staff went out more than 3 times for non-work days.70.11% people went to the church, and 62.07% lived in groups.Conclusions The knowledge level about predisposing factors for Ebora virus of medical personnel in Sierra Leone and the effective measures for prevention and control of infection was low.The medical personnel had weak protection consciousness and lack the knowledge of disinfection and isolation , which increased the chance of infection in the hospital .At the same time , the local social phenomenon , participation in social group activities more frequently , increased the rate of infection and the spread of Ebola .