Objective To evaluate the effect of metformin on an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model,and to explore its related mechanism.Methods A total of 50 male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into several groups:control group,imiquimod group (IM group) and imiquimod combined with metformin group (IM-Met group).The IM-Met group were classified into 3 subgroups (100,150 and 200 g/L IM-Met groups) according to the concentration of metformin.Mice in the control group were treated with topical vaseline cream on the back and intraperitoneal injection of 0.9％ sodium chloride physiological solution of 0.3 millilitres every day.Mice in the IM group were treated with topical imiquimod cream on the back and intraperitoneal injection of 0.9％ sodium chloride physiological solution of 0.3 millilitres every day.Mice in the 100,150 or 200 g/L IM-Met groups were treated with topical imiquimod cream on the back and intraperitoneal injection of 100,150 or 200 g/L metformin of 0.3 millilitres respectively every day.The changes of the erythema area,scales and psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) over time in each group were observed by naked eyes.These mice were sacrificed after 7 days of treatment.Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expression of interleukin (IL)-17 and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-Stat3) in the dorsal skin tissues of these mice,and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect serum levels of IL-17,IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in these mice.Comparison among these groups was carried out by using one-way analysis of variance,and means of two groups were compared by using least significant difference (LSD)-t test.Results Compared with the IM group,the 100,150 and 200 g/L IM-Met groups showed alleviated erythema and scaling severity,and significantly decreased PASI score,protein expression of IL-17 and pStat3,and serum levels of inflammation factors such as IL-17,IL-6 and TNF-α (all P ＜ 0.05).Seven days later,the PASI score and protein expression of IL-17 and p-Stat3 were all significantly lower in the 150 g/L IM-Met group than in the 100 g/L IM-Met group (t =4.18,-5.95,-2.80 respectively,P ＜ 0.05,≤ 0.01,≤ 0.01 respectively),but no significant differences were observed between the 150 g/L IM-Met group and 200 g/L IM-Met group (t =0.29,-0.42,-0.32 respectively,P ＞ 0.05,=0.69,=0.76 respectively).The serum levels of IL-17,IL-6 and TNF-α in the 150 g/L IM-Met group were 33.388 ± 1.556 ng/L,210.741 ±4.440 ng/L and 249.434 ± 8.594 ng/L respectively,which were significantly higher than those in the 200 g/L IM-Met group (26.720 ± 2.156 ng/L,174.997 ± 9.501 ng/L,193.034 ± 6.661 ng/L respectively;t =7.93,10.79 and 16.403 respectively,all P ＜ 0.05),but significantly lower than those in the 100 g/L IM-Met group (44.008 ± 1.722 ng/L,260.926 ± 7.724 ng/L,271.409 ± 3.037 ng/L respectively;t =-14.47,-17.81 and -7.62 respectively,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Metformin can alleviate psoriasis-like skin lesions and inflammation status in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model to a certain extent,which may be related to the decrease of p-Stat3 protein expression.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of epinephrine combined with acupuncture on anaphylactic shock and its mechanism. Methods Sixty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal saline (NS) group, anaphylactic shock model group, and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment group with 20 mice in each group. The anaphylactic shock model was reproduced by egg albumin infusion: intraperitoneal injection of 0.25 mL egg albumin (0.01 mmol/L), repeated injection 1 week later, and intravenous injection of 0.5 mL egg albumin through caudal vein on the 3rd week to induce anaphylactic shock. The mice in the NS group were injected with NS. The mice in the treatment group were immediately subcutaneously injected with 0.2 μg of 0.1% epinephrine, and intraperitoneally injected with aminophylline 0.2 mg, combined with acupuncture at Shuigou, Neiguan and Hegu points. Number of died mice in each group were observed at 1, 6, and 12 hours after model reproduction. The mice were sacrificed at 12 hours, the blood was harvested, and the serum tryptase, immunoglobulin E (IgE), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-1 and IL-6) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The lung tissues were harvested, and the protein expressions of p65, phosphorylation of p65 (p-p65), and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB inhibitor α (p-IκBα) were determined by Western Blot. Results No mice died in the NS control group at 12 hours. In the treatment group, the mortality at 12 hours was significantly lower than that in the model group (10% vs. 80%, P < 0.01). The levels of tryptase and IgE in the model group were significantly higher than those in the NS control group [tryptase (μg/L): 1.53±0.28 vs. 0.91±0.23, IgE (μg/L): 33.3±3.1 vs. 21.3±1.9, both P < 0.01], both levels in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the model group [tryptase (μg/L): 1.31±0.26 vs. 1.53±0.28, IgE (μg/L): 25.6±2.2 vs. 33.3±3.1, both P < 0.05]. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in the model group were significantly higher than those in the NS control group [TNF-α (ng/L): 35.3±4.7 vs. 16.4±3.5, IL-1 (ng/L): 13.8±3.3 vs. 4.2±1.8, IL-6 (ng/L): 15.3±4.8 vs. 5.5±2.1, all P < 0.01]. The serum inflammatory factors of the treatment group were significantly higher than those of the model group [TNF-α (ng/L): 26.1±4.3 vs. 35.3±4.7, IL-1 (ng/L): 7.2±2.7 vs. 13.8±3.3, IL-6 (ng/L): 8.8±3.8 vs. 15.3±4.8, all P < 0.05]. It was shown by Western Blot results that there was no significant difference in p65 protein expression of the lung tissue among the three groups. In the NS control group, the expression of p-p65 protein in the nucleus of the lung tissue was extremely low but was significantly increased in the model group, and p-p65 protein in the treatment group was significantly decreased as compared with that in the model group. The expression tendency of p-IκBα protein was consistent with that of p-p65. Conclusion Epinephrine combined with acupuncture plays a therapeutic role in mice with anaphylactic shock by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway.