Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; Facial Bones ; abnormalities ; Humans ; Infant ; Larynx ; pathology ; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy ; Pharynx ; pathology ; Polysomnography ; Respiration ; Risk Factors ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy

From cooperation between World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies (WFAS) and World Health Organization, works of academics and standardization, acupuncture-moxibustion education, technique service, organization development, etc., the 27-year development of WFAS since 1987 was summarized and reviewed in details. The growth of WFAS witnesses and promotes the development of acupuncture and moxibustion in the world, so by learning the experience and lessons, WFAS could have a wider path, becoming a core organization for communicating and promoting the development of acupuncture, even the traditional medicine in the world.
Acupuncture ; education ; history ; organization & administration ; standards ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; standards ; Global Health ; history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; history ; standards ; Societies ; history ; World Health Organization

The history of the World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies (WFAS) was reviewed through summarizing the background and process of the establishment of WFAS. The establishment background was explained in different aspects, named the recovery of acupuncture-Moxibustion in the world, the successive setup of world acupuncture-Moxibustion organizations, the divergences of International Association of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, striding forward of China reform and opening policy as well as the attention of the World Health Organization (WHO), etc. The establishment of WFAS was introduced on the proposal from eight countries, the important time of the development of acupuncture and moxibustion in China, 1984, divergences and consensus as well as the final phase. The official establishment of WFAS represents the global benefits of acupuncture-Moxibustion colleagues. It is the international organization of acupuncture and moxibustion, contributing to the promotion of acupuncture and moxibustion in the world.
Acupuncture ; history ; organization & administration ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; history ; Societies, Medical ; history

Objective To study the differences of chromosomal structure among Yersinia pestis strains isolated from China,and to investigate the reasons of chromosomal rearrangement events occurred in Yersinia pestis as well as the possibility of strain identification and phylogenetic analysis based on the chromosomal rearrangement features.Methods According to the genome sequence data downloaded from web of National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome),alignment of all the coding sequences (CDSs) among five strains(American strain CO92 as reference and other four completely sequenced strains from Inner Mongolia,Jianchuan of Yunnan,Yulong of Yunnan,Naqu of Tibet in China named 91001,D182038,D106004 and Z176003 as comparison strains) was performed,and then the chromosome of Yersinia pestis was divided into several large DNA segments (named chromosomal plate in the text) according to the similarity of CDSs.Plate arrangement patterns in each strain' s chromosome and gene content of breakpoint regions were determined.Finally,genetic relationships among Yersinia pestis strains were analyzed on the basis of rearrangement diversity from paired-comparison.Results Yersinia pestis chromosomes of strains CO92,D182038,D106004,91001 were composed of 44 relatively independent plates,except strain Z176003.Gene order was very stable within each plate,while it was movable between the plates.Comparing with the reference strain CO92,13 rearrangement events occurred in the chromosomes of both strain D182038 and strain D106004,and 14 rearrangement events involved in Z176003,while 37 rearrangement events occurred in 91001.Paired-comparison data showed that only 8 plates order differences were existed between D106004 and Z176003.Forty-three breakpoint regions were identified on the chromosome of strain CO92,and 39 of them contained insertion sequences,and 25 of them were IS100.Conclusions Yersinia pestis genome represents a high degree of genetic flux,and chromosomal structures of strains are significantly different from each other.Chromosomal rearrangement events is closely related to the large number of insertion sequences in the Yersinia pestis chromosome.Rearrangement diversity among Yersinia pestis strains could reflect their genetic relationships.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of emergency neoplasty on corneal penetrating injury. Methods A total of 102 cases of corneal penetrating injury were investigated.The patients underwent micro-trauma technique suture,optical iridectomy,extraction of anterior segment foreign bodies,nepheloid lens removal,and artificial lens implantation.The vision of pre-and post-surgery was compared and relationship between injury location and recovery was analyzed. Results The injury of cornea repaired completely 1 month after surgery.Cross infection was not found in the patients with one-year long follow-up(80% of all patients).The vision of all patients raised.The injury in center and nasal side affected vision significantly. Conclusion Timely surgery to corneal penetrating injury may be considered in order to improve the recovery of the traumatic eyes.

AIMTo elevate the encapsulation efficiency, decrease the burst release and improve the release of protein entrapped in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres. The bovine serum albumin (BSA) composite microspheres of alginate-chitosan-PLGA were prepared and the release characteristics of BSA from this composite microspheres were studied.

METHODSThe much smaller calcium alginate microcapsules were first prepared by a modified emulsification method in an isopropyl alcohol-washed way and coated with chitosan, then the alginate-chitosan microcapsules were further entrapped in PLGA to form the composite microspheres. The protein concentration was determined using a BCA protein assay kit. The release profiles were changed with various formulation factors.

RESULTSThe average diameter of the composite microcapsules was about 30 microm. Comparing with 60% to 70% of the conventional PLGA microspheres, the average encapsulation efficiency was more than 80%, and the burst releases in phosphate buffer solution of the composite microspheres decreased from 40% and 50% to 25% and further to 5% in saline solution.

CONCLUSIONThe novel composite microspheres were prepared, the drug encapsulation efficiency increased and the burst release decreased. The desired release profiles could be obtained by regulating the ratios of PLG and PLA in the composite microspheres.

Alginates ; chemistry ; Chitosan ; chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems ; methods ; Lactic Acid ; chemistry ; Microspheres ; Particle Size ; Polyglycolic Acid ; chemistry ; Polymers ; chemistry ; Serum Albumin, Bovine ; chemistry

Aged ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Penis ; innervation ; Prostatectomy ; methods ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; surgery

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; pathology ; Kidney Neoplasms ; pathology

[ ABSTRACT] AIM: To investigate the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on AMP-activated protein kinase ( AMPK) pathway in the brain of young rats.METHODS:Part one:SD mice (3~4 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=8): simulated air control group for 2 weeks (2AC), chronic intermittent hypoxia group for 2 weeks (2IH), simulated air control group for 4 weeks (4AC) and chronic intermittent hypoxia group for 4 weeks (4IH).Part two:SD mice (3~4 weeks old) were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=8): chronic intermittent hypoxia group for 4 weeks (4IH) and chronic intermittent hypoxia group treated with AMPK inhibitor for 4 weeks (4IHI).After modeling, the eight-arm maze test was performed.TUNEL method was used to detect the neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampal and pre-frontal cortical tissues.The mRNA expression of adenosine A2a receptor was examined by RT-qPCR, and the protein levels of phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) were determined by Western blot.
RESULTS:Compared with control group, the numbers of reference memory error ( RME) , working memory error ( WME) and total error (TE) in 2IH group and 4IH group significantly increased (P<0.01).Compared with 2IH group, the num-bers of errors in 4IH group also increased significantly (P<0.01).Compared with 4IH group, the values in 4IHI group significantly decreased.Compared with control group, the neuronal apoptosis of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in 2IH group and 4IH group increased, and that in 4IH group was more evident (P<0.05).In 4IHI group, the neuronal apopto-sis decreased.The mRNA expression of adenosine A2a receptor in the hippocampal and cortical tissues in 2IH group and 4IH group was higher than that in control group.The protein level of p-AMPK was higher, and p-mTOR was lower in 2IH group and 4IH group, and those in 4IH group were more evident (P<0.05).Compared with 4IH group, the protein level of p-AMPK was lower, and p-mTOR was higher in 4IHI group.CONCLUSION: Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces neuronal apoptosis, resulting in impairment of learning and memory in a time-dependent manner by upregulating adenosine A2a receptor, activating AMPK activity, and inhibiting mTOR phosphorylation in rats.

BACKGROUND:The majority of studies focus on the lesions of spinal cord injury, while little evidence is available on the change of morphology and structure of distal nerve, muscle and motor endplates fol owing spinal cord injury.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the time window change of the morphology of motor neurons and skeletal muscles caudal to the lesion after spinal cord injury in rats.
METHODS:Fifty healthy adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group (n=5;without treatment), sham operation group (n=10), and spinal cord injury group (n=35). The sham operated rats only received laminectomy. In the spinal cord injury group, rats were subject to complete T 10 spinal cord injury by total laminectomy and cord transverse resection. Then the morphological change including sciatic nerve, motor endplate and median gastrocnemius was observed for each group at 1, 2, 4, 12, 24 weeks after injury.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) The myelin sheath layers of sciatic nerve were separated partial y at 4 weeks in rats with spinal cord injury, the myelin sheaths were fragmented with the regeneration of thin-myelinated and unmyelinated axons at 12 weeks. There was a decrease in myelinated axons and an increase in thin-myelinated and unmyelinated axons at 24 weeks. (2) The synaptic gutters of motor endplate, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane and synaptic space were distinct at 4 weeks in rats with spinal cord injury, the degenerated motor endplates coexsisted with the intact ones at 12 weeks. The motor endplate disappeared at 24 weeks. (3) There was a slight decrease in muscle cross-sectional area at 2 weeks in rats with spinal cord injury, but no structural change was found, the membrane of myocytes was partial y weakened at 4 weeks, the border of myocytes was obscure with hyperplasia of connective tissue at 12 weeks, and myocytes gathered and in fusion at 24 weeks. As natural history of completely transected spinal cord injury in rats, there were significant changes in morphology of peripheral nerve, motor endplate and skeletal muscles caudal to the lesion at 12 weeks, and the changes were destructive at 24 weeks.