Objective To review the clinical features of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate (SCPCa). Methods The ages of 4 cases were 25-77 years. Four cases had progressive dysuria with 2 cases had chronic urinary retention and 2 had upper urinary tract hydronephrosis. On admission, all cases were palpated a hard prostate mass in digital rectal examination. Serum tPSA were 0. 57-6.36 ng/ml with a ratio f/t PSA 0. 26-0.63. B ultrasound, CT and MRI detected 3.9 cm×3. 9 cm×1.6 cm-11.3 cm×7. 9 cm×9. 5 cm irregular shape mass in prostate. 2 cases had seminal vesicle involved, 2 cases had rectum involved, 2 had unilateral ureter involved, and 1 case had sacrum involved. Pelvic lymphonodes metastasis were seen in 3 cases. Bone scan detected multiple bone metastasis in 3 patients. Results The final diagnoses were accomplished by prostate biopsy. Under light microscope, tumor cells were orbivular-ovate or fusiform shape, small volume, and had little cytoplasm. The margin of tumor cells was not clear. Caryokinesis phase could be found with hyperchromatic chromatin. Immunohistochemistry showed positive ChA staining in 4 eases, positive NSE expression in 2 patients and negative PSA in 4 cases. 3 cases were given cisplatin-based chemotherapy, pelvic radiation, or chemotherapy plus radiotherapy. All patients appeared widespread metastasis quickly and died or lost visit within one year. Conclusions SCPCa is a rare, poor prognosis malignancy with early extensive metastasis. The diagnosis is based on pathology.

Objective To study the relationships of health risk factors and health-related presenteeism in medical personnel of a tertiary grade A hospital. Methods A literature review and expert consultation were used to identify 14 health risk factors included in the survey, and the Michigan's Health Risk Appraisal Questionnaire was modified. Medical personnel of a tertiary grade A hospital in Beijing were selected for this cross-sectional study, including doctors, nurses, medical technicians, pharmacists, as well as scientific researchers, and staff members responsible for education, medical affairs, journal editors and other work. Physical measurement and questionnaire survey were conducted to collect demographic data, distribution of health risk factors of medical staff, and productivity information. Results Among 14 health risk factors, pressure or stress had the highest proportion (80.2%), followed by poor quality of sleep (63.7%), high blood lipid (33.8%), low physical activity (30.9%), and unreasonable diet (29.6%). Medical staff of different ages( c 2=16.141, P=0.001) and different occupations( c 2=15.982, P=0.003) had different probability of presenteeism. Medical staff under 30 years of age were most likely to be presenteeism (38.3%). The probability of presenteeism in nurse was the highest(56.2%). Under a high pressure and taking relax medicine seemed more likely to be presenteeism. Conclusion In the 14 kinds of health risk factors, pressure and taking relax medicine in medical staff may be associated with health-related presenteeism.

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of low concentration dopamine(DA) on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in cultured rat cardiomyocytes as well as the possible molecular mechanisms.

METHODSCultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into the following groups: control group (control), hydrogen peroxide group (H2O2), pretreated with low concentration dopamine ( DA + H2O2), dopamine receptor l(DR1) antagonist group (DR1 + DA + H2O2), dopamine receptor 2(DR2) antagonist group (DR2 + DA + H2O2). The cell apoptosis was then assessed by MTT and flow cytometry. The cellular ultrastructure changes were observed by transmission electron micro- scope. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH )and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cell medium was analyzed by colorimetry. The protein expressions of Cytochrone c, Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 were obtained by Western blot.

RESULTSCompared with hydrogen peroxide group, low concentration dopamine(10 µmol/L) decreased the apoptosis rate and the expression of protein of apoptosis related protein, enhanced SOD activity, decreased LDH activity. DR1 antagonist SCH-23390 treatment inhibited dopamine induced cardiac protective effect. DR2 antagonist haloperido treatment had no changes compared with dopamine group.

CONCLUSIONAbove findings indicate that low concentration dopanine inhibits apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, which is partly associated with the activation of DR1.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Benzazepines ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Caspase 9 ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Dopamine ; pharmacology ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Dopamine D1 ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

This study aims to establish a method to determine the serum acetaminophen concentration based on diazo reaction, and apply it in the gastric emptying evaluation. Theoretically, acetaminophen could take hydrolysis reaction in hydrochloric acid solution to produce p-aminophenol, which could then take diazo reaction resulting in a product with special absorption peak at 312 nm. Then the serum acetaminophen concentration and recovery rate were calculated according to the standard curve drawn with absorbance at 312 nm. ICR mice were given a dose of acetaminophen (500 mg x kg(-1)) by gavage and the serum acetaminophen was dynamically measured through the diazo reaction. Besides, ICR mice were subcutaneously injected with the long-acting GLP-1 analog GW002 before the gavage of acetaminophen, and serum acetaminophen concentration was measured as above to study how GW002 could influence the gastric emptying. The data showed acetaminophen ranging from 0 to 160 μg x mL(-1) could take diazo reaction with excellent linear relationship, and the regression equation was y = 0.0181 x +0.0104, R2 = 0.9997. The serum acetaminophen was also measured with good linear relationship (y = 0.0045 x + 0.0462, R = 0.9982) and the recovery rate was 97.4%-116.7%. The serum concentration of acetaminophen reached peak at about 0.5 h after gavage, and then gradually decreased. GW002 could significantly lower the serum acetaminophen concentration and make the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) decrease by 28.4%. In conclusion, a method for the determination of serum acetaminophen based on the diazo reaction was established with good accuracy and could be used in the evaluation of gastric emptying.
Acetaminophen ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Aminophenols ; Animals ; Gastric Emptying ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR

Objective:To study the influencing factors in the preparation of salicylic acid dropping pills , and determine the opti-mum preparation process .Methods: The environmental factors , heating temperature , matrix ratio and preparation steps of salicylic acid drop pills were observed .With pill weight difference , dissolution time and appearance quality as the indices , an orthogonal test was adopted to optimize the preparation process .Results:Salicylic acid and the matrix should be separately heated to prevent red ox-ide.The optimized preparation process of drop pills was as follows:the ratio of PEG 400 and PEG 6000 was 1∶5, the temperature of drug solution was 50℃, the dropping distance was 8 cm and the dropping rate was 70 drops per minute .Conclusion:The preparation process is simple and practicable .The pill weight difference , dissolution time and appearance quality all meet the quality require-ments.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of Uromentor virtual reality simulator in flexible ureteroscopy training for catechumen.Methods Fifty-one catechumen were selected.After 1 hour training of basic operation in Uromentor virtual reality simulator, all trainees performed special-purpose exercise ( kidney inspection with flexible ureteroscopy ) for 3 hours. Using right kidney inspection, a preliminary assessment for each trainee was made before the special-purpose exercise and data such as total time, number of trauma from the scopes and tools, percentage of kidney surface examined and global rating scale ( GRS ) were recorded.The same assessment was performed once again after the special-purpose exercise ( secondary assessment ) , and data were recorded and compared to the preliminary assessment. Results Each trainee made a significant improvement in flexible ureteroscopic skill after the special-purpose training.The parameters such as total time, number of trauma from the scopes and tools, percentage of kidney surface examined and GRS of all trainees in preliminary assessment were 14.63 ±1.01 min, 8.62 ± 2.67, 51.05%±20.79%and 10.31 ±2.53, respectively;while in secondary assessment, parameters were 7.71 ±1.13 min, 1.67 ±1.23, 98.04% ±5.42% and 29.14 ±3.01, respectively.The differences between the preliminary assessment and the secondary assessment of each parameter were significant ( P<0.01).Conclusions The Uromentor virtual reality simulator can improve the trainee′s skills of flexible ureteroscopy.It is a good instrument of the flexible ureteroscopic training for catechumen.

Objective To derermine the affinity of site-specific labeled annexin V with ~(99m)Tc to phosphatidylserine (PS)exposed erythrocytes.Methods The annexin V fused with a metal chelating binding site was obtained from Pichia Pastoris culture and methanol induction expression.The annexin V was purified from the culture supernatant crude product by uhrafihration.The annexin V was conjugated with ~(99m)Tc site-specifically through sodium glucoheptonic acid and SnCl_2.The radioactive annexin V was added to determine its affinity to PS exposed erythrocytes.Results The calcium concentration at which half of the protein is bound to cells(EC50)is changed with varying ratio of protein to cells.The affinity was determined at a low protein/cell ratio as 33.4.Conclusion The annexin V recombinantly expressed in Pichia Pastoris shows high affinity to PS exposed erythrocytes.

Objective To prepare a novel annexin V and conjugate it with fluorescein isothiocyanate and test their binding ability to phosphatidylserine(PS)exposed erythrocytes.Methods The annexin V fused with an metal chelating binding site was obtained from pichia pastoris culturing and methanol induction expression.The annexin V was purified from the culture supernatant crude product by ion-exchange chromatography and ammonium sulfate precipitation.The annexin V was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate in boric buffer and the conjugate annexin V-FITC was purified by ion-exchange chromatography.Sheep red blood cells were treated with Glutaraldehyde to expose membrane PS.The annexin V-FITC binding to PS exposed erythrocytes was investigated by fluorescent microscopy.Results The novel annexin V was purified and concentrated from pichia pastoris culture by ion-exchange chromatography and ammonium sulfate precipitation.After conjugating with FITC,the annexin V was found to bind PS exposed erythrocytes by fluorescent microscopy.Conclusion The annexin V expressed recombinantly in pichia pastoris retains the binding ability to PS exposed erythrocytes and is applicable to apoptosis detection in vitro.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving teaching quality for pharmaceutical engineering major of Pharma-cology Course. METHODS:According to the current status and deficiencies on Pharmacology Course in universities,combined with own teaching experience and understanding,the author explored,four aspects. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Pharmaceutical engineering major lacks specialized text books,and is in short of class periods and absence of experimant classes. Establishing rea-sonable teaching evaluation feedback mechanism,innovating teaching mode,setting up virtual simulation laboratory and sharing network resource may stimulate the enthusiasm of the students’self-learning,cultivate the students' ability to apply knowledge to practice and contribute to the improvement of teaching quality.

BackgroundRecent studies showed that diabetic retinal neuropathy is an earlier and more dangerous complication and neurotrophin has a protective effect on retina.ObjectiveThe present study was to observe the changes of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),its receptor TrkB,signal pathway protein phosphatized extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and c-fos in the retina after injection of BDNF into the vitreous in STZ induced Wistar diabetic rats.MethodsWistar rats aged 9 weeks-old were randomly divided into BDNF injection group,diabetes mellitus (DM) control group and normal control group and 20 rats for each group.STZ was intraperitoneally injected in the rats of BDNF injection group and DM control group to create the experimental DM.BDNF was intravitreously injected in the rats of BDNF group 2 weeks after administration of STZ in three-day interval for 5 times,and BSS containing O.1％ bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used at the same way in the DM control group and normal control group.The retina was isolated for hybridization in situ for BDNF,and TrkB,p-ERK1/2 and c-fos.Levels in retina were detected using sandwich method ELISA.ResultsThe number of BDNF positive cells and the gray scale were lower obviously in the rat retina of DM control group than those of BDNF injection group and normal control group,showing significant differences among the 3 groups ( F =102.36,92.55 ;P＜0.05 ).ELISA assay showed that TrkB,p-ERK1/2 and c-fos values in retina were statistically significantly different among the 3 groups ( F =92.54,95.46,94.84,P＜0.05 ).The TrkB level in retina was statistically reduced,but the p-ERK1/2 and c-fos levels in retina were increased statistically in DM control group compared with BDNF injection group and normal control group( P＜0.05 ).No statistical difference was found in TrkB,p-ERK1/2 and c-fos values between the BDNF injection group and normal control group(P＞0.05).ConclusionsThe injection of BDNF into the vitreous cavity can protect retina from downregulating BDNF and TrkB levels and up-regulating the p-ERK1/2 and c-fos protein levels in the early stage of DM.