The establishment of rat models of type 2 diabetes mellitus can provide an ideal animal experimental technology platform for the research of pathogenesis , prevention , diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus and its com-plications .The establishment of type 2 diabetic rat models may be affected by various factors .In this paper , the main fac-tors, streptozotocin (STZ) application, high fat and calorie diet, selection and breeding of rats are reviewed , which will provide an important reference for the development of rat models type 2 diabetes.

The changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive (IR) nerves in the tongue of the control and the irradiated rats were studied by using the methods of immunocytochemistry and microspectrophotometer (SPM) measuring techniques. The results show that CGRP-IR nerves were found in all tissues of the tongue. When acute intestinal radiation sickness (AIRS), the changes of CGRPIR nerves appeared obviously and might be divided into two phases: the stimulating phase was the first 24 hours after irradiation. CGRP-IR nerves of the tongue have obviously swollen, become thickness, the enlargement of the varicosities and an increase of accumulative material in the nerve fiber terminals. The destructive phase was from 24 to 72 hrs after irradiation. The characteristics of the lesion appeared in 48 hrs after irradiation. CGRP-IR nerves of the tongue body have reduced, part of CGRP-IR nervous bundles broken. The pathological changes were particularly evident in 72 hrs after irradiation. CGRP-IR nerves of the tongue body have marked reduced, even disappeared. All of CGRP-IR nerves of the root of the tongue almost broken completly with the exception of the structure like the motor end plates of the striated muscles and the CGRP-IR nerves in taste glands. By using SPM measuring, there was significant reduction in 48 hrs or 72 hrs after irradiation compared with the control group (P

By using histochemical and immunocytochemical techiques, the distribu- tion, origin, and properties of ACh, NE, CGRP, and NPY in tongue of rats were studied. The results revealed that the cholinergic (ACh) nerves, VIP and NPY im- munoreactive (IR) positive neurons mainly located in the subepithelial layer of the mucosa and the muscle layer. The nerves formed perivascular plexus of the blood vessels, surrounding the glands, and distributed in the muscle layer. The adrenergic nerves surrounded the blood vessels and gaglion cells forming a basket-like structure. CGRP-IR nerves were observed in all layers of tongue. The circumvallate and fungiform papillaes were densely innervated by the CGRP-IR nerves, whereas the filiform papillaes contained only a few nerves. Abundant CGRP-IR nerves surrounded the glands, the blood vessels, and formed motor end plate structure at the region of contacting the striated muscle of to- ngue. After treatment with capsaicin, a marked reduction in the CGRP-IR ner- ves were found in the mucosa of the tip and body of the tongue, but no ob- vious changes were seen in the other parts of the CGRP-IR nerves as well as the other type of the nerves. No NE and CGRP-IR neurons were observed. The characteristics of distribution suggested that the ACh,VIP and NPY nerves might be related to the regulation of regional blood flow and the secretion of the glands while the CGRP-IR nerves, besides the above effects, might be related to the regulation of motion and sensation.

Signal transduction is a very fine and complicated process that indudes participation in the cell propagation, division, maturation and apoptosis.Under normal circumstance disabled-2( Dab2) in human tissues participates in the signal transduction of the cell in order to allow the body to keep normal functions,but under some circumstances the absence of Dab2 influences the normal signal transduction path,leding to atypical cell changes.and the generation of tumors.This paper is a review on the construction and function of Dab2 and its related gene as well as the relation of Dab2 and tumors generation.

Objective To compare the current trcmment of intertrochanteric fracture fixation commonly used in the two systems:proximal femoral nail(PFN-A)and the dynamic hip screw(DHS)of clinical efficacy and evaluate the treatment of the two intertroehanteric fracture of the gifted bad.Methods The clinical use on closed reduction and traction,respectively PFN-A with DHS and the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture patients with 106 cases and 115 cases,compared with its ease of operation,and the effect of surgery,postoperative complications.Results The clinical material demonstrated that in after PFN-A treatment thighbone thick pmsperom bone fracture technique,technique,the complication is short in DHS.Conclusion PFN-A well-designed,with simple anti-rotation indeed,surgical trauma,less bleeding,fewer complications,etc.,is the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture fixation one of the ideal.

Objective To explore the mechanisms of ischemia-reperfasion(I/R)injury of the bile duet and the effect of Atomolan on Isehemia-reperfusion injury of the bile duct in liver transplantation.Methods Pathological changes of the bile duct cells in three groups of rat liver transplantation model were observed through light microscope.And the effective protection of Atomolan against ischemia-repeffusion injury was observed.Results In ischemia-reperfusion group,the injury of bile duct cells were more serious,the level of ALT,AST and γ-glutamyhransferase elevated higher,oxygen free radical generated more,and the apoptosis of bile duct ceils appeared more,compared with Atomolan pretreatment.Conclusion The injury in bile duct cells is more serious than that in hepatoeyte in I/R injury.Atomolan can provide effective protection against liver Ischemia-reperfusion injury.The mechanisms may be through depress the production of oxygen free radical and decrease the apoptosis of bile duct cells.

Objective To evaluate the guidance role of the CURB-65 criteria in the management of community-acquired pneumonia(CAP) in adults. Methods The clinical date of 13 patients with CAP from January 2007 to January 2008 were analysed, the diagnosis and treatment of 3 patients were enumerated. Evaluated the effect of CURB-65 criteria on CAP. Results According to the CURB-65 criteria, the scores of 3 patients with CAP were 0, 2, 5 scores respectively.After the proper treatment based on CURB-65 criteria,each patient got a good prognosis. Conclusions The CURB-65 criteria plays an encouraging role in assessing the severity of CAP. But the veracity of identifying severe CAP is poor. In this situation the criteria for severe CAP is needed to make the decision.

Objective　To introduce the research trence of the medchnisims of ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) injury in transplanted liver(TL). Methods　Making a literature summarization based on papers review.Results　The main mechnisms of I/R injury in TL as the followings: (1) Production of various cytokines resulted from endothelial cell injury with activation of kupffer cells, which can result in TL injury and induce systemic inflammation syndrom. (2) White blood cells and platelets adhere to the liver sinusoid (LS), which can cause TL injury and obstruct the LS causing “no reperfusion" of TL. (3) Alteration of pH in the cells of TL. After recovery of normal metabolism of the reperfused TL, alteration of pH in the TL can cause damage to TL cells, and cause edema of mitochrondria resulting in decresing of TL function. (4) Reoxygenation injury mainly caused by activated oxygen relsased by white blood cell. Conclusions　I/R injury of TL is caused by combination of muttiple foctors. Improving the activity of hepatocytes and endothelial cells, imhibiting the activation of kupffer cells, decreasing the production of activated oxygen and TNF are the key points in preventing I/R injury of TL.

Conducting polymers play important roles in tissue engineering and biomaterials. This paper introduces their syntheses and applications to medical engineering.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (131 I-MIBG) in treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma/malignant paraganglioma (MPHEO/MPGL).Methods The clinical data of 96 cases of MPHEO/MPGL (60/36) treated with 131I-MIBG between December 1998 and April 2014 were retrospectively reviewed.Among them,the malignant pheochromocytoma was found in 60 cases and malignant paraganglioma was found in 36 cases.Seventy-eight patients (81.2％)presented initially with hypertension,whereas 18 patients (18.8％) presented adrenal incidentaloma.Before 131I-MIBG treatment,24 h urinary norepinephrine was (409.5± 127.2) nmol,24 h urinary dopamine was (99.3±41.1) nmol,24 h urine adrenaline was (1 409.9±336.0) nmol.Before treatment,the compound iodine solution was given to each one.Then,all patients were given an initial course of 131I-MIBG therapy (5.55,7.40 GBq).Subsequent 131I-MIBG treatment (5.55,7.40 GBq) was undertaken every three to six months.The patients got symptomatic,hormonal or radiological response underwent sbsequent 131I-MIBG therapy (3.70,5.55 GBq) every year.All patients underwent clinical symptoms (headache,palpitate,sweating,hypertension),biochemical (24 h urine catecholamin) and radiological evaluation (CT/MRI) within 6 months to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 131I-MIBG treatment.Results After one to eleven sessions of 131 I-MIBG treatment,in total,266 doses of 131 I-MIBG were administered,average dose was 6.49 GBq.22.9％ of patients demonstrated radiological partial response (≥ 50％ reduction in tumor size) after first or repeated 131 I-MIBG treatment.Eleven cases (11.5％) achieved clinical complete response,41 cases (42.7％) achieved clinical partial response and 23 cases (24.0％) maintained the stable clinic symptoms.After treatment,24 h urinary norepinephrine (164.3±71.6) nmol and dopamine (49.7±24.7) nmol showed significantly decline,compared with those before treatment (P＜ 0.05).While,24 h urinary epinephrine (1 354.7±433.4) nmol had no obvious change (P＞0.05).No life-threatening adverse events were reported,but 2 MPGL patients developed transient leucopenia or thrombocytopenia after four and five times 131 I-MIBG treatment,respectively.Conclusions Treatment with repeated low dose 131I-MIBG is well tolerated and effective in controlling the progression and alleviating the clinical symptoms.The 131I-MIBG therapy is an effective and safe treatment modality for MPHEO/MPGL.