Thirteen compoumds were isolated from the n-BuOH portion of the 70% ethanolic extract of Comastoma pedunculatum by a combination of various chromatographic techniques including silica gel, macroporous adsorbent resin, Sephadex LH-20, and preparative HPLC, of which nine were triterpenoid saponins and four were flavone C-glycosides. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data as saikogenin F (1), 3-O-beta-D-fucopyranosylsaikogenin F (2), clinoposaponin XV (3), saikosaponin A (4), 6"-acetylsaikosaponin A (5), clinoposaponin I (6), bupleuroside I (7) , clinoposaponin XII (8) , saikoponin b3 (9), isovitexin (10) , swertisin (11) , isoorientin (12), 3',4',5-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6-C-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-flavone (13). Compounds 1-10, 12-13 were all isolated from Comastoma genus for the first time.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Flavones ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Gentianaceae ; chemistry ; Saponins ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Since December 2019,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been found to be the culprit in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),causing a global pandemic.Despite the existence of many vaccine programs,the number of confirmed cases and fatalities due to COVID-19 is still increasing.Furthermore,a number of variants have been reported.Because of the absence of approved anti-coronavirus drugs,the treatment and management of COVID-19 has become a global challenge.Under these circumstances,drug repurposing is an effective method to identify candidate drugs with a shorter cycle of clinical trials.Here,we summarize the current status of the application of drug repurposing in COVID-19,including drug repurposing based on virtual computer screening,network pharmacology,and bioactivity,which may be a beneficial COVID-19 treatment.

Background and objective 50%-70%of patients with advanced lung cancer will develop bone metas-tases. hTe aim of this study is to establish the nude mice bone metastasis model of lung adenocarcinoma using A549, H1299, SPC-A-1 and XL-2, all of which own different invasion and migration abilities in vitro and supervise the bone metastases by MicroCT. Methods iftfy BALB/C-nu/nu nude mice were grouped into ifve groups on average randomly. Cells of the four cell lines were injected into the letf cardiac ventricle of mice in the four experimental groups (0.2 mL/mouse) respectively;meanwhile, mice in the control group were injected with normal saline (0.2 mL/mouse) in the same manner. Periodical radio-logical examination was carried out to supervise the variation of the mice since the second week atfer injection. When mice in each group became thin obviously, end the experiment of this group. Before the end, pathological sections of bone tissues were made. We classiifed the bone metastatic sites into axial skeleton and limb bone, in order to compare the metastatic rates of these two different parts. hTe bone metastatic abilities of the four cell lines was statistically analyzed by comparing the average time cost in the appearance of bone metastases and the percentage of bone metastases among the experimental groups. Results Different metastatic sites which had been identiifed both by MicroCT and pathological sections appeared in each group of the four experimental groups. By contrast, no metastasis was observed in the control group. hTe percentage of cancer metastasiz-ing to axial skeleton was remarkably higher than the percentage of tumor metastasizing to the limb bone in each experimental group, which was consistent with the clinical regularity and characteristics of skeletal metastases with lung cancer. hTus, the model has been established triumphantly. However, there were no statistical differences in the average time consumed and skeletal metastatic rate among the four experimental groups. Conclusion hTe disruption in the bone can be clearly detected by MicroCT, which is beneift to supervise the osseous metastasis. We successfully developed the nude mice bone metastasis model of lung adenocarcinoma, which will pave the way for exploring novel prevention and therapy strategies clinically. hTe four cell lines varied in invasion and migration abilities in vitro, but there was no statistical difference in the metastatic ability in vivo, and the reason need to be explored further in future.

Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of foodborne Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica in Pudong New District of Shanghai. Methods: Four kinds of raw food samples were collected in retail circulation sites in Pudong from 2012 to 2016. Cold enrichment method was used to isolate Y. enterocolitica and further detection of biotype, serotype, virulent genes, antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were conducted. Results: A total of 3 900 raw food samples were collected during this period, including poultry product (n=590), livestock product (n=1 074), aquatic product (n=1 488), vegetable (n=748), in which 111 (2.8%) were contaminated by Y. enterocolitica. The detection rates of Y. enterocolitica in poultry product samples (5.3%, 31/590) and livestock product samples (4.5%, 48/1 074) were higher than those in aquatic product samples (1.6%, 24/1 488) and vegetable samples (1.1%, 8/748). The predominant biotype was 1A (95.5%) and predominant serotype was O∶8 (42.3%). All the strains lacked ail, ystA, yadA and virF genes, which encoded pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. Seventy six (68.5%) strains harbored ystB gene, in which 35 (31.5%) belonged to 1A/O∶8/ystB pattern. Most strains were resistant to ampicillin (74.8%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (70.3%), and non-sensitive rate to Cefoxitin was over 50.0%. No third generation cephalosporin or fluoroquinolone resistant strains were detected, but 38.7% (43/111) strains were multidrug resistant (MDR). Serotype O∶8 and O∶5 strains had 44 and 18 PFGE patterns, respectively. Conclusions The main foodborne exposure sources of Y. enterocolitica in raw food were poultry and livestock products in Pudong New District. 1A/O∶8/ystB was the predominant pattern with potential pathogenicity despite lacks of typical pathogenic virulent genes. The antimicrobial resistant rates of Y. enterocolitica were at a low level, but MDR strains still existed. Molecular types of the isolates showed highly genetic diversity.