Intestinal bacteria contribute to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Recently developed microbial profiling techniques are beginning to shed light on the nature of the changes in the gut microbiota that accompany NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH).In this review,we summarize the role of gut microbiota in the development of NAFLD,NASH,and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).We highlight the mechanisms by which gut microbiota contribute to NAFLD/NASH,including through alterations in gut epithelial permeability,choline metabolism,endogenous alcohol production,release of inflammatory cytokines,regulation of hepatic Toll-like receptor(TLR),and bile acid meta-bolism.In addition,we analyze possible mechanisms for enhanced hepatic carcinogenesis,including alterations in bile acid metabolism,release of inflammatory cytokines,and expression of TLR-4.Finally,we describe therapeutic approaches for NAFLD/NASH and preventive strategies for HCC involving modulation of the intestinal microbiota or affected host pathways.Although recent studies have pro-vided useful information,large-scale prospective studies are required to better characterize the intestinal microbiota and metabolome,in order to demonstrate a causative role for changes in the gut microbiota in the etiology of NAFLD/NASH,to identify new therapeutic strategies for NAFLD/NASH,and to develop more effective methods of preventing HCC.

This study investigated the ability of millimeter-wave (MMW) to promote the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) into cells with a neural phenotype. The BMSCs were primarily cultured. At passage 3, the cells were induced by beta-mercaptoethanol (BME) in combination with MMW or BME alone. The expressions of nucleostemin (NS) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were detected by immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting respectively to identify the differentiation. The untreated BMSCs predominately expressed NS. After induced by BME and MMW, the BMSCs exhibited a dramatic decrease in NS expression and increase in NSE expression. The differentiation rate of the cells treated with BME and MMW in combination was significantly higher than that of the cells treated with BME alone (P<0.05). It was concluded that MMW exposure enhanced the inducing effect of BME on the differentiation of BMSCs into cells with a neural phenotype.

t of the cells treated with BME alone (P<0.05). It was concluded that MMW exposure enhanced the induc-ing effect of BME on the differentiation of BMSCs into cells with a neural phenotype.

Portal vein thrombosis is a common complication of liver cirrhosis. Based on the recent "Expert Consensus on the Management of Portal Vein Thrombosis in Liver Cirrhosis (2020, Shanghai)", we analyzed a series of differences in the field of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis and point out the complexities and challenges faced by clinical anticoagulation treatment, so as to provide a reference for further clinical exploration of the standardized management of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis.