Objective: To explore the effects of different drying methods on the quality of medicinal materials, and screen out the optimal drying process of Centella asiatica. Methods: The whole fresh grass of C. asiatica were dried by hot air, drying in the sun, drying in the sun and hot air combined, drying in the shade, microwave and vacuum respectively. Meanwhile, the drying time and rate were determined. The characters, identification, inspection, and leachable content of C. asiatica were analyzed by the method of pharmacopoeia. The content of asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, madecassic acid, kaempferol-3-O-tutinoside, kaempferol, and quercetin were detected by HPLC analysis; The weighted scoring method was used to sort the comprehensive evaluation of multiple indexes. Results: Different drying methods consume different time, among which drying in the sun, shade and drying at 50 ℃ for more than 100 h, and the average drying rate was 24.83%. The effects of different drying methods on the properties of medicinal materials are mainly reflected in color and odor, among which 50-70 ℃ hot air drying had a better color, which was light green, and the odor of hot air drying and microwave drying at 80 ℃ and 85 ℃ also changed significantly. Although there were some differences in moisture and ash content, both of them met the pharmacopoeia standards. The drying method also had certain effects on the leachable, the maximum was 45.70%, and the minimum content of dry extract was 29.67%. The highest content of the total active ingredient was determined by HPLC using the method of drying in the shade, which was 83.032 mg/g, and the lowest was is 75 ℃ hot air drying, which was 40.982 mg/g. The highest total content of madecassoside and asiaticoside was 80 ℃ hot air drying, and the lowest was 75 ℃ hot air drying. Weighted score in the top three of line was 70 ℃, dried at 50 ℃ after drying in the sun, hot air drying at 50 ℃, and 85 ℃ hot air drying ranked the bottom. Conclusion: In summary, the suitable drying method for the production area of C. asiatica was 70 ℃ hot air drying.

Bladder cancer （BCa） is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system， and its incidence is increasing year by year. At present， for all patients with resectable non-metastatic muscle-invasive BCa， radical cystectomy + bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection is strongly recommended， but they still face the risk of recurrence， metastasis and death. In recent years， the proportion of patients with advanced and metastatic BCa is increasing among patients with newly diagnosed BCa. Although current treatment models are diverse， they often struggle to achieve significant efficacy due to their low effectiveness and adverse effects， resulting in low survival rates for patients with advanced and metastatic BCa. Therefore， the treatment of BCa still faces great challenges， and there is an urgent need to discover an effective new antitumor drug. With the improvement of medical standards， traditional Chinese medicine has shown great advantages in the treatment of BCa. Traditional Chinese medicine is mild and easy to accept， and can inhibit tumor progression through a multi-pathway， multi-way and multi-target manner， so as to exert its anticancer effect. Taraxaci Herba is a medicinal and food homologous plant， which has many biological activities， such as antibacterial， anti-inflammatory， anti-oxidation， anti-tumor， protecting liver and gallbladder， reducing blood sugar and enhancing immunity， and it has shown a clear anticancer effect in breast cancer， liver cancer， gastric cancer， tongue cancer and lung cancer. By reviewing previous studies worldwide， this article summarizes the mechanism of Taraxaci Herba extract in inducing autophagy and apoptosis， inhibiting cell migration and invasion， regulating cell cycle and proliferation， regulating cell metabolism， inhibiting tumor angiogenesis， combining the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs， and regulating the transduction of related signal pathways. On this basis， this study systematically elaborates on the potential mechanism of Taraxaci Herba against BCa， in order to provide a theoretical basis for the research and treatment of BCa.

OBJECTIVE： To optimize the ethanol extraction technology of total alkaloids from Shuanghu capsules. METHODS： Using dendrobine as control， the contents of total alkaloids from Dendrobium nobile and Dendrobium officinale in Shuanghu capsules were determined by acidic dyes colorimetry. Using comprehensive scores calculated by the yield of the extract and the contents of total alkaloids as evaluation indexes， the effects of soaking time， ethanol volume fraction， extraction time， solid-liquid ratio and extraction times were investigated with single factor tests. L9（34） orthogonal test was used to optimize ethanol volume fraction， extraction time， solid-liquid ratio and extraction times according to the results of single factor test. The optimized technology was validated. RESULTS： The linear range of dendrobine were 4.16-14.56 μg/mL （r＝0.999 2）. RSDs of repeatability and precision tests were all lower than 5％. Average recovery tests were 93.01％ （RSD＝1.97％， n＝6）. The optimal ethanol extraction technology included soaking for 12 h， ethanol volume fraction of 70％， solid-liquid ratio of 1 ∶ 12 （g/mL）， extracting for 28 min， extracting 3 times. Results of validation test showed that the average yield of extract was 12.80％ （RSD＝4.39％， n＝3）， and the content of alkaloids was 0.359 0 mg/g（RSD＝0.66％， n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS： Established acidic dyes colorimetry is simple， precise and accurate， which can be used for the content determination of total alkaloids. The optimized ethanol extraction technology is stable and feasible， and can be used for the extraction of total alkaloids from Shuanghu capsules.

OBJECTIVE： To optimize the water extraction technology of total polysaccharide of Shuanghu capsules. METHODS： The total alkaloid was firstly extracted from Dendrobium nobile and Dendrobium officinale mixture of Shuanghu capsules with ethanol， and then total polysaccharide was extracted with water. Using glucose as control， total polysaccharide was treated with phenol-sulfuric acid method and its content was determined at 488 nm. Using comprehensive score calculated with the yield of the extract and the content of total polysaccharide as index， the effects of material-liquid ratio， extraction temperature， extraction time and times on the extraction were investigated by single factor test. Then L9（34） orthogonal test was used to optimize solid-liquid ratio，extraction temperature，extraction time and extraction times according to the results of single factor test. The optimized technology was validated. RESULTS： The linear range of glucose were 0.041 4-0.207 0 mg/mL（r＝0.999 9）. RSDs of intra-day and inter-day ranged 3.61％-8.24％ （n＝3，n＝5）， and RSD of repeatability test was 1.49％ （n＝6）. Average recovery rate was 98.65％（RSD＝1.45％，n＝6）. The optimal water extraction technology included solid-liquid ratio of 1 ∶ 25（g/mL），extraction temperature of 100 ℃，extracting for 90 min， extracting once. Results of validation tests showed that average content of total polysaccharide was 379.292 8 mg/g （RSD＝1.93％，n＝3） and average yield of the extract was 22.75％（RSD＝2.41％，n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS： Established phenol-sulphuric acid method is simple， precise and accurate. The optimal water extraction technology is stable and feasible， which can be used for the extraction of total polysaccharides from Shuanghu capsules.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant clonal disease of hematopoietic stem cells, characterized by the proliferation of abnormal primordial cells of myeloid origin in bone marrow, blood and other tissues. At present, the standard induction therapy for AML mainly includes “3+7” standard treatment(anthracycline combined with cytarabine), allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) and targeted drug therapy. However, AML cells usually express high levels of P-glycoprotein, which mediates the efflux of chemotherapeutic drugs, which makes AML cells resistant to chemotherapy, resulting in many patients who are not sensitive to chemotherapy or relapse after complete remission. And some patients can not tolerate intensive therapy or lack of donors and can not use Allo-HSCT therapy. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to find new drugs to improve the efficacy of AML patients. Epigenetic disorders play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, especially cancer. Studies have shown that most AML patients have epigenetic regulatory gene mutations, such as DNMT3A, IDH and TET2, and these mutations are potentially reversible, which has become one of the therapeutic targets of AML. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can regulate the balance between histone acetylation and deacetylation, change the expression of proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that control cancer progression from epigenetics, and play an important role in many kinds of tumor therapy. At present, HDACi has shown the ability to induce differentiation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of AML cells. The mechanism may be mainly related to HDACi inducing chromatin conformation opening of tumor suppressor gene by inhibiting HDAC activity, promoting oncogene damage and preventing oncogene fusion protein from recruiting HDAC. Although the preclinical outcome of HDACi is promising, it is not as effective as the conventional therapy of AML. However, the combination strategy with various anticancer drugs is in clinical trials, showing significant anti-AML activity, improving efficacy through key targeting pathways in a typical synergistic or additive way, increasing AML sensitivity to chemotherapy, reducing tumor growth and metastasis potential, inhibiting cell mitotic activity, inducing cell apoptosis, regulating bone marrow microenvironment, which provides a good choice for the treatment of AML. Especially for those AML patients who are not suitable for intensive therapy and drug resistance to chemotherapy. This review introduces the relationship between HDAC and cancer; the classification of HDAC and its function in AML; the correlation between HDAC and AML; the clinical application of five types of HDACi; preclinical research results and clinical application progress of six kinds of HDACi in AML, such as Vrinota, Belinostat, Panobinostat, Valproic acid, Entinostat, and Chidamide, the mechanism of HDACi combined with other anticancer drugs in AML indicates that the current HDACi is mainly aimed at various subtypes of pan-HDAC inhibitors, with obvious side effects, such as fatigue, thrombocytopenia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. In recent years, the next generation of HDACi is mainly focused on the selectivity of analogues or isomers. Finding the best combination of HDACi and other drugs and the best timing of administration to balance the efficacy and adverse reactions is a major challenge in the treatment of AML, and the continued development of selective HDACi with less side effects and more accurate location is the key point for the development of this drug in the future. It is expected to provide reference for clinical treatment of AML.

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)represents the primary cause of blindness among the global working-age population, and the disruption of the blood-retinal barrier is a crucial factor. Research in recent years has elucidated that DR transcends the scope of a mere microvascular disorder into a complex interplay of retinal glial cells and neurodegeneration microvascular pathology. Neuronal damage may precede vascular endothelial changes in the retinal neurovascular unit(RNVU)in the early stage of DR, and glial cell activation further exacerbates vascular barrier dysfunction. Retinal microglia are immune cells that reside in the retina and are involved in chronic inflammatory responses induced by long-term exposure to high glucose levels. Microglia secrete various inflammatory factors in response to high glucose levels, which can lead to the destruction of the blood-retinal barrier structure, increased neuronal apoptosis, and altered gliosis of Muller cells, thus affecting the retina's homeostatic balance. The RNVU has received increasing attention in recent years as a unitary structural study, and the mechanism of microglia in the RNVU and the progress of the study are reviewed.

Malignant tumors with multidrug resistance is one of the major reasons for the failure of tumor treatment, and it is also an important issue in the field of cancer treatment. In recent years, with the continuous research on tumor immune microenvironment, the status of tumor immune escape is deeply understood. The close relationship between the abnormal expression of related molecules B7-H1 and tumor resistance is constantly recognized that multidrug resistant tumor may be more sensitive to immune system surveillance and killing than chemotherapy-sensitive tumor. The article reviews the progress of immune escape-related molecule B7-H1 in multidrug resistance of malignant tumors.

OBJECTIVE To study the protective effect of tetrahydropalmatine （Thp） on platelet-derived growth factor-BB （PDGF-BB） induced oxidative stress injury in vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMCs） of rats， and to explore its possible mechanism based on the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）/heme oxygenase （HO-1） signaling pathway. METHODS In the study about Thp inhibiting PDGF-BB-induced oxidative stress injury in VSMCs， VSMCs were divided into control group， PDGF-BB group （25 ng/mL）， and Thp low-concentration， medium-concentration and high-concentration groups （5， 10， 20 mg/mL）. In the Thp mechanism experiment （silencing Nrf2）， VSMCs were divided into PDGF-BB+negative control of siRNA （NC-siNrf2） group （25 ng/mL PDGF-BB+NC-siNrf2）， PDGF-BB+Thp+NC-siNrf2 group （25 ng/mL PDGF-BB+10 mg/mL Thp+NC-siNrf2）， PDGF-BB+Nrf2 small interfering RNA （siNrf2） group （25 ng/mL PDGF-BB+siNrf2） and PDGF-BB+Thp+siNrf2 group （25 ng/mL PDGF-BB+10.0 mg/mL Thp+siNrf2）. The proliferative and migratory capabilities of VSMCs， the level of reactive oxygen species （ROS）， the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） as well as the protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 in VSMCs were all detected in two experiments. RESULTS Compared with the control group， the proliferative and migratory capabilities of VSMCs in the PDGF-BB group were significantly enhanced （P＜0.01）， and the level of ROS significantly increased （P＜0.01）， while the activities of SOD and CAT， and the relative expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 protein significantly decreased （P＜0.01）. Compared with the PDGF-BB group， the proliferative and migratory capabilities of VSMCs in the Thp groups at different concentrations were significantly reduced （P＜0.01）， the levels of ROS were significantly reduced， while the activities of SOD and CAT， and relative expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly enhanced （P＜0.01）. Silencing Nrf2 significantly reversed the improvement of Thp on the oxidative stress damage of VSMCs induced by PDGF-BB （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS Thp can reduce the oxidative stress level of VSMCs by activating the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense pathway， thereby inhibiting the proliferation and migration of VSMCs.

Objective　To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on oxidative stress and pulmonary function in children with congenital heart disease after cardiopulmonary bypass.　Methods　From June 2016 to June 2018, fifty-five children who underwent ventricular septal or atrial defect repair under cardiopulmonary bypass in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: control group (group C) and dexmedetomidine group (group D). After tracheal intubation, patients of group D were received dexmedetomidine 0.5 ug/kg/h by intravenous pump until the end of operation. Patients of group C were received 0.9% physiological saline with the same volume. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, oxygen saturation, bypass time, and computation of respiratory index (RI) and oxygenation index (OI) based on blood gas analysis, measured SOD, MDA and GSH in plasma, recording the time from the end of operation to the extubation of tracheal tube, the duration of stay in extracardiac ICU after operation, and pulmonary complications were followed up before infusion of dexmedetomidine (T0), sternal sawing (T1), CPB stopping (T2), and 24 hours after operation (T3).　Results　The changes of heart rate and mean arterial pressure in the two groups were within the normal range. There was no significant difference in plasma SOD, MDA and GSH between the two groups (P>0.05）. There was no difference in OI and RI at T0 and T1 time points (P>0.05). Compared with group C, OI was increased and RI was decreased in group D at T2 and T3 time points (P< 0.05). Compared with group C, group D had shorter ICU support time and extubation time, and fewer pulmonary complications after operation (P<0.05).　Conclusion　The treatment of 0.5 μg/kg/h dexmedetomidine can improve the respiratory function, reduce the pulmonary complications, and is conducive to the rehabilitation of children after CPB. But, this concentration cannot alleviate the oxidative stress reaction of children with CPB.