AIM:Toexploretheeffectofglucocorticoidonautophagyandsenescenceinthechondrocytes. METHODS:The collagen II in the normal chondrocytes isolated from the SD rats was checked.After stimulation with glu-cocorticoid, LysoTracker Red staining, MDC staining and Western blot were used to detect the level of autophagy in the chondrocytes.The mTOR pathway related molecules were investigated by Western blot.Cell senescence was analyzed by SA-β-gal staining.RESULTS:A dose-dependent increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles was observed in the dexa-methasone-treated chondrocytes, which was demonstrated by the LysoTracker Red and MDC staining.The expression of LC3-II and beclin-1 was increased by dexamethasone, especially in the cells treated with dexamethasone for 4 d.However, P62 expression was decreased.SA-β-gal staining showed that the percentage of cell senescence was increased by dexam-ethasone.Surprisingly, the cell senescence induced by dexamethasone was exacerbated by the autophagic inhibitor 3-MA. CONCLUSION:Autophagy induced by dexamethasone protects chondrocyte from senescence.The mTOR pathway may be involved in the autophagy activation.

AIM:To explore the effect of leptin on the expression of degeneration-related genes in rat nucleus pulposus ( NP) cells and to detect the possible mechanism .METHODS:The normal NP cells isolated from SD rats were analyzed by immunochemistry and immunofluorescence for the collagen II and cytokeratin 19 expression.The NP cells were treated with leptin and/or interleukin-1β( IL-β).The mRNA expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, aggrecan and COL2A1 in the cells was detected by real-time PCR.Alcian blue staining and im-munochemistry were used to examine the expression of proteoglycan and collagen II .Activation of involved pathways was studied by Western blot .The inhibitors of the pathways were used to reveal the effect of these pathways on NP cells .RE-SULTS:The results of real-time PCR revealed that leptin alone up-regulated the mRNA expression of MMP-1, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5 and COL2A1.The synergy of leptin and IL-βwas found in the increased expression of MMP-1, MMP-3 and ADAMTS-5.The NP cells treated with leptin showed less expression of collagen II .Both PI3K/Akt and JAK2/SATA3 pathways were activated by leptin , whereas only inhibitor of JAK 2/SATA3 pathway reversed the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13.CONCLUSION:Leptin may promote catabolism in rat NP cells via JAK2/SATA3 pathways, which may be the mechanism mediating the association between obesity and intervertebral disc degeneration .

Objective To investigate the effect of the combination therapy of tirofiban and reteplase on endothelial function,coagulation function and plaque inflammation in elderly patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI).Methods 100 patients with STEMI were treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention (PCI) from January 2014 to June 2016 in our hospital.39 cases in the control group used conventional oral aspirin,clopidogrel and statins and other treatment.61 cases in the observation group received tirofiban and reteplase on the basis of the control group.The expression of endothelial microparticles (EMP) was detected by flow cytometry (FCM),and the ICAM-1,high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP),tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6),endothelin-1(ET-1) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The thrombin time (TT),activated partial thrombin time (APTT),prothrombin time (PT) and other indicators were measured by PUN-2048A coagulation instrument,then statistical analysis was performed.Results The postoperative levels of EMP,ICAM-1 and ET-1 of control group were (693.46±90.72),(768.58±20.46)μg/L and (31.27±8.18)ng/L,which were significantly higher than those in the observation group [(652.36±67.39),(752.37±25.0)μg/L,(28.22±5.05)ng/L],the differences were statistically significant (t=2.41,2.67,2.68,all P<0.05).After operation,the hs-CRP,TNF-α,IL-6 levels in the control group were (4.16±2.35)mg/L,(4.32±2.02)ng/L,(10.59±3.16)ng/mL,which were significantly higher than those in the observation group [(2.22±1.47)mg/L,(2.74±1.52)ng/L,(6.33±2.24)ng/mL],the differences were statistically significant(t=2.65,2.67,3.42,all P<0.05).The postoperative TT,PT,APTT in the observation group were (26.31±3.18)s,(14.34±1.67)s,(27.20±4.12)s,which were significantly longer than those in the control group [(24.03±2.84)s,(12.56±1.43)s,(24.55±3.62)s],the differences were statistically significant(t=2.15,2.31,2.65,all P<0.05).Conclusion Tirofiban combined with reteplase can improve endothelial function,inhibit inflammatory reaction and regulate coagulation function.

Dexmedetomidine( DEX) is a pure potent, highly se-lective and highly specific agonist ofα2-adrenergic receptors with sedative, analgesic and sympatholytic properties. The sedative effect mimics natural sleep of“arousable” and“cooperative” se-dation without respiratory depression. Due to the above properties and advantages, DEX has received adequate attention in clinical practice and its spectrum of application is also expanding. In re-cent years, it is proved that DEX is neuroprotective not only in animal researches but also in clinical studies. The neuroprotec-tion of DEX and its related mechanism will be briefly reviewed in this paper.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of entropy in measuring the level of sedation during target controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol in patients of different ages. Methods Twenty-nine ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were divided into two age groups: Ⅰ adult group (20-64 yr) (n = 16) and Ⅱ the aged group (65-85 yr) ( n = 13). The patients were unpremedicated. The level of sedation was assessed using OAA/S scale. Propofol was given by TCI. The effect-site concentration (Ce) of propofol was set first at 1 ?g?ml-1 and then increased step by step by 0.5 ?g?ml-1 every 60 seconds until Ce reached 6 ?g?ml-1. Response entropy ( RE), state entropy ( SE), BP, HR, SpO2 were monitored and recorded at each Ce, before intubation, and immediately and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 min after intubation. The predictive performance of entropy was evaluated by prediction probability (Pk) .Results The two groups were comparable with respect to sex (M/F ratio), body weight and body weight index (kg?m-2). The RE and SE values decreased as Ce increased. The difference between RE and SE was also reduced. In adult group when Ce reached 2.0 ?g?ml-1, the RE and SE values were lower than the baseline values ( P

Objective To investigate and analyze the postoperative progression of ossification of the patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) on cervical spine. Methods From Jaunary 2001 to December 2007, 95 postoperative patients with cervical OPLL were followed and analyzed retrospectively. There are 72 males, 23 females, with the average age of 56.3 years (range, 40-73years). The follow-up time was from 1 to 6 years, average 3.1 years. Among them 36 patients were performed with anterior cervical corpectomy, fusion with titanium mesh and fixed with cervical plates, others treated with posterior cervical laminectomy and fixation. 2 of the 95 cases were performed anterior and posterior combined operation. Clinical data, X-rays, CT and MR images and progression of ossification, were measured and analyzed in details .The relationships between the progression of ossification and relative factors, as gender, age, C3 ossified involved, T-OPLL, OPLL-type, time of follow-up, surgical approach, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and improvement rate of JOA scores, were analyzed. Results Progression of ossification in 39 cases among the 95 followed postoperative OPLL patients, 28 men and 11 women, average age 55.9 years, range 41-71 years. The age of progressed patients included 12 cases of ≤49 years, 12of 50-59 years, 12 of 60-69 years and 3 of ≥70 years. 35 patients were operated by posterior approach and only 4 treated with anterior operation. According to the standard of the progression of ossification that 2 mm in the length or/and thickness, there are 4 cases progressed only in length, 2 only in thickness, other 33 patients both the length and thickness. Progression of length is from 2mm to 20mm (average 7.74±4.71). But thickness is progressed from 2 mm to 6 mm (average 2.67±1.51). From 1 to 3 years follow-up time it appeard as a downtrend about the progression of ossification. But it may appear an uptrend from the 4th year. JOA score and improvement rate of the JOA score were almost improved to the high-point in three years. And according to the statistic data there are obvious relationship between progression of ossification with age, surgical approach and C3 ossified involved. Conclusion There is a high rate of postoperative ossification progression in cervical OPLL patients. Cervical OPLL patients with C3 ossification involved, performed with posterior laminectomy and those young at surgery may have higher rate of progression of the ossification. The JOA score and improvement rate of the JOA score were little influenced by the progression of the OPLL during the short and intermediate-term follow-up.

Objective To investigate the effects of vitamin D deficiency on pregnancy and fetal development in mice. Methods All female ICR mice were randomly divided into two groups. In control group, mice were fed with standard feeds (vitamin D3 >800 IU/kg). In vitamin D deficiency group (VDD), female mice were fed with feeds with vitamin D depletion (vitamin D3 <25 IU/kg). For mating purposes, four females were housed overnight with two males starting at 9 : 00 PM. Females were checked 7 : 00 AM the next morning, and the presence of a vaginal plug was designated as gestational day (GD) 0. All pregnancy mice were sacrificed on GD18. For each litter, the number of live fetuses, dead fetuses and resorption sites were counted. Live fetuses in each litter were weighed. Crown-rump lengths were examined. And skeletal development of all live fetuses in each litter was evaluated. Re-sults The pregnancy rate was lower in VDD group than that in control group(P<0.05). The number of live fetu-ses was significantly decreased(P<0.05). By contrast, the numbers of dead fetuses and resorption sites were sig-nificantly increased(P<0.05). In addition, the average weights of fetuses and placenta were reduced in vitamin D deficiency group. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency resulted in skeletal development retardation in fetuses. Conclu-sion Vitamin D deficiency impairs pregnancy and developmental outcomes in mice.

OBJECTIVE: To study the intellectual property provisions relating to drug regulation in the TPP agreement, analysize the interaction mechanism between drug regulation and intellectual property rights on the basis of information sharing, study the possible impact, and then discusses the references to China. METHODS: This article analysizes the TPP final text and relevant research literatures, study the interaction mechanism between drug regulation and intellectual property rights and the possible impact of, and then discuss the relevantlaw of China. RESULTS: The TPP agreement provides several intellectual property provisions relating to drug regulation, demanding the concordant relation between the registration of pharmaceutical and patent protection period, drug data protection and patent protection, which will establish the interaction mechanism based on information sharing. The intellectual property provisions relating to drug regulation are a summary of the experience of the TPP parties forming a coordinated and interactive mechanism between encouraging innovation and ensuring drug safety and an attempt to a wide range practice, which will have abroad impact on the biopharmaceutical industry. CONCLUSION: Refer to the relevant experience in TPP agreement, China can amend the Pharmaceutical Administration Law and the Patent Law in the process of revision by improving the information sharing mechanism to achieve a higher level of institutional interaction.

ObjectiveTo investigate the changes of non-linear dynamics characteristics of EEG during picture memory masks, and the application of non-linear dynamic analysis for memory research.MethodsEEGs of 30 healthy old volunteers were recorded under the states of opened eyes and picture memory. Correlation dimension (D2) was calculated for all subjects.ResultsD2 increased significantly during memory tasks compared with the rest state with eyes opened (P<0.05). In different memory tasks, the complexity of mental functions and the regions involved in the memory task were different.ConclusionNon-linear analysis is appropriate for the study of functional changes and working mechanism of brain during memory.

Objective To research the visualization of congenital heart disease by three-dimensional echocardiographic(3DE) virtual endoscopy(VE) system. Methods Datasets.from 10 healthy children and 22 patients with congenital heart disease were collected (10 patients with atrial septal defects, 6 patients with ventricular septal defects and 6 patients with tetralogy of Fallot). 3DE heart models were reconstructed by virtual reality computing techniques and visualization in scientific computing techniques. The VE system was programmed under the C++ 6.0 language condition,the visualization toolkit (VTK) platform was employed to carry out the graphics and visualization utilities. The virtual eye can move along the navigation paths in the heart by manual camera movements. Results The VE can provide special information in aspects of intracardiac anatomy, The visible heart models show precisely complex anatomy structure and spatial relationships. 3DE intracardiac endoscopic imaging can thus be visualized and navigated successfully by the VE system. Conclusions 3DE VE is a new system for the visualization of congenital heart disease.