Objective: To understand the relationship between childhood psychological resilience and of school violence awareness in rural areas in southern Henan, and to provide support and reference for the prevention and control of school violence. Methods: A total of 6 484 primary school children in grades 4-6 in the rural areas of Dengzhou, Xincai and Gushi counties in southern Henan were surveyed for psychological resilience and awareness on school violence. Results: The average score of psychological resilience of grade 4-6 pupils in rural areas of southern Henan was (39.92±8.18), and the average score of school violence awareness was (60.78±6.19). In terms of age, gender, grade, school type, personality, class performance, academic performance, smoking, intimate friends, playing games, truancy, loitering outside the school, relationship with siblings, father s education, mother s education, parental conflict, parenting style, the proportion of primary school students in different level of school violence awareness varied statistically different (P<0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression showed, after controlling for confounding factors, psychological resilience was an independent influencing factor affecting awareness on school violence (OR=1.06, 95%CI=1.05-1.08), with better psychological resilience, being associated with higher school violence awareness (P<0.01). Conclusion The level of school violence awareness and psychological resilience of pupils in southern Henan is relatively low. The higher level of psychological resilience, the higher level of school violence awareness; psychological resilience might be improved through education and household parenting modification to prevent and reduce the incidence of violence on campus.