Insulin resistance related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus are spreading rapidly in Asia and are probably closely correlated with catch-up growth caused by rapid elevation of nutrient status. To explore the mechanisms of insulin resistance from a new window, catch-up growth would help to improve our understanding about the pathogenetic characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as to find efficient methods in slowing down the diabetes prevalence in Asia.

With consideration of optimizing treatment of type 2 diabetes,early combination therapy has been deeply explored, with fixed-doses combination therapy as a available preparation for easier administration. Avandamet ( rosiglitazone maleate and metformin HC1) is widely used in clinical treatment, providing comprehensive and sustained long-term efficacy and confirmed safety with lower hypoglycemia risk, and also high convenience and compliance. Combination of rosiglitazone and metformin improves the dual core defects of type 2 diabetes, targeting FPG and PPG reduction through decreasing hepatic glucose output, and improving peripheral insulin resistance, especially increasing skeletal muscle's utilization of glucose respectively. Large-scale clinical trials gave more confidence to Avandamet. Recently, RECORD study indicated that rosiglitazone in combination with metformin achieved long-term antihyperglycemic efficacy in 5 years period, superior to sulphanylureas plus metformin. Additionally, lower risk of hypoglycemia is another benefit of Avandamet. In conclusion,early use of Avandamet can yield much more benefits than monotherapy and late administration, in consistent with implication of evidence-based trial, guideline, and clinical experiences.

With the rapid development of economy and society,obesity currently becomes a major public health problem worldwide.Not only the classic genetic factors but also the epigenetic factors are related to the incidence of obesity.Meanwhile,different life modes are also affecting the prevalence of obesity.As obesity is rapidly spreading worldwide,reducing body weight becomes a burning issue which brooks no delay.Combined applications of dietary intervention,physical activity,appropriate drugs,surgery,and cognitive education are important for the treatment of obesity.Moreover,anti-obesity vaccines which focus on different therapeutic targets might be a new method to treat patients with obesity in the future.

Obesity has become a serious public health problem and scientists have been focusing on its intervention, such as increased physical activity and dietary management, maily only after obesity occurs. However,a lot of evidence is emerging, concerning the programming effect of early life nutritional status on the later obesity. Changes of epigenetic markers are involved in this process. Hence, we may control the later prevalence of obesity from the origin of life.

Pain, especially back pain, is the main symptom in osteoporosis. The causes of pain are considered multifactorial due to bone loss itself, osteoporotic fracture, the compression of spinal cord, the damage of never fibers, chronic musculoligamentous strain etc. Prevention strategies for osteoporosis－ induced pains should focus on the prevention of progressive bone loss, improvement of muscle strength, reduce the rate of fractures. Several means can be used for the treatment and rehabilitation for osteoporotic pains including pharmacologic and non－ pharmacologic.

Catch-up growth,a phenomenon that occurs after a short time growth-inhibiting condition,has been proved to be strongly associated with insulin resistance.But the mechanism of insulin resistance in the process of catch-up growth is not clear.

Caloric restriction(CR)remains the most robust one in all possible aging interventions,while the utility of it in humans would be difficult.CR mimeties(CRM)could mimic CR effects without changing calorie intake and have a promising prospect of application.CRM include glyeolysis inhibiter,insulin-like growth factorI,insulin sensitizer,sirtuins,PPAR agonists,and lipid-regulating drugs.

Free fatty acids(FFAs) provide an important energy source and also act as signaling molecules.Medium to long-chain free fatty acids can activate the intracellular signal pathways in the pancreatic ?-cells and play a role in regulating insulin secretion as an extracellular signal molecular via binding to the FFA receptor G protein-coupled receptor 40(GPR40). Furthermore,GPR40 is associated with several biological effects including cell proliferation and antiapoptosis of nerve cells.GPR40 act an important role in the connection of obesity and diabetes or cancers.GPR40 will probably become a novel kind of antidiabetic and anticancer drugs.

Ninty-four newly diagnosed young type 2 diabetic patients were treated by acarbose, metformin or glipizide for 36 weeks. The results showed that these drugs had similar effects in reducing blood glucose. Acabose decreased postprandial insulin secretion and had higher safety and better compliance. It was appropriate to use in newly diagnosed young type 2 diabetic patients.

[Summary] Long noncoding RNA( lncRNA) plays an important role in regulating the life activities, and its disordered expression is closely related to many diseases. Several studies have shown that lncRNA could modulate the endocrine metabolic processes at transcription, post-transcription, and the epigenetic modification levels, but the exact mechanism is still unclear. Further research needs to be done. This review will briefly describe the research progress of lncRNAs in endocrine and metabolic respects.