OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for clinical rational use and management of anti-HIV drugs,and to provide ref-erence basis for occupational exposure to develop free drug policy. METHODS:Using retrospective study method,according to DDD calculation method recommended by WHO,consumption sum,DDDs,DDC and B/A of anti-HIV drugs in our center during 2011-2014 were analyzed and evaluated. RESULTS:The consumption sum of anti-HIV drugs increased firstly and decreased later, increasing from 512112 yuan in 2011 to 650854 yuan in 2012,decreasing to 496473 yuan in 2014. DDDs of anti-HIV drugs in our center during 2011-2014 decreased from 35932 in 2011,to 16363 in 2014,showing decreasing tendency. The consumption sum of nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors during 2012-2014 took up the first place,and DDDs of nucleotide reverse tran-scriptase inhibitors took up the first place in 2011,2013,2014. DDDs of Zidovudine tablets took up the first place in 2013,2014, and that of Tangcao tablets took up top 3 places during 2011-2014. DDC of Tenofour disoproxil fumarate tablets,Zidovudine and la-mivudine tablets,Emtricitabine and tenofovir tablets,Lopinavir and ritonavir tablets were in high level,being more than 46 yuan. DDC of Zidovudine tablets,Stavadine tablets and Nevirapine tablets were in low level,being lower than 6 yuan. B/A of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets,Stavudine tablets and Efavirenz tablets ranged 0.5-1.5 in 4 years and B/A of Tangcao tablets was equal to 1,showing good synchronism of social and economical benefits. CONCLUSIONS:Clinical application of anti-HIV drugs in our center is rational basically,and the use of drug is basically consistent with the occupational exposure prevention. The use of TCM preparation is basically in line with the requirements of drug use in the clinic.

OBJECTIVE:To establish micell liquid chromatography for the content determination of nifedipine in human serum.METHODS:The determination was performed on C 18 chromatographic column,the mobile phase consisted of methanol-water(60∶40,which containing20mmol/L SDS),the detection wavelength was248nm,the sensitivity was0.01AUFS,the flow rate was1.0ml/min and the chart speed was2.1mm/min.RESULTS:The linear range for nifedipine was4～40ng/ml(r=1.0002),the average recovery was98.15%(RSD=1.49%).CONCLUSION:The method is simple,accu?rate,feasible,reproducible,and it can be used as a new method for the monitoring of clinic haemoconcentration of nifedipine.

Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death,is a normal process contributing to tissue tumor during development and in the adult.During development apoptosis is involved in tissue homeostasis and eliminating nonfunctional,superfluous or harmful cells.It is an active process controlled by some gene and factors such as caspases, bcl-2, Fas/FasL and NO.Type 1 diabetes mellitus is regarded as a chronic autoimmune disease resulting from progressive destruction of insulin-producing ?-cells in the pancreas.The relationship between apoptosis with its modulation and type 1 diabetes mellitus was reviwed.

Objective To analyze results of blood test for first‐time blood donation volunteers and mutual‐aid blood donors in Anyang area ,in order to improve cognition of characteristics of different blood donors and safety of blood transfusion .Methods A total of 31 363 cases of first‐time blood donation volunteers(first‐time blood donation group) and 1 046 cases of mutual‐aid blood donors(control group) from January to December 2013 in Anyang area were collected .The results of blood tests were compared and related factors affected qualities of blood were analysed .Results A total of 1 160 cases of donors in the first‐time blood donation group were failed to pass the blood test and the unqualified rate was 3 .70% ,in the control group 17 cases of donors failed to pass the blood test and the unqualified rate was 1 .62% ;the difference was statistically significant (P<0 .05) .The test results of unqual‐ified blood samples shown that in the first‐time blood donation group the constituent ratios of alanine aminotransferase(ALT) ,anti‐body to hepatitis C virus(anti‐HCV) ,antibody to human immunodeficiency virus(anti‐HIV) ,hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) and syphilis positive blood donors were 37 .67% ,12 .59% ,8 .79% ,31 .38% and 9 .57% respectively ,and those in the control group were 29 .41% ,17 .65% ,5 .88% ,35 .30% and 11 .76% respectively .The constituent ratio of ALT positive blood donors between the two groups had statistically significant difference(P<0 .05) .There were statistically significant differences in gender ,age and occu‐pations between unqualified blood donors in the two groups(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The first‐time blood donation volunteers might have relatively higher unqualified rate in blood test ,it is necessary to enhance blood screening and management before transfusion , in order to ensure safety of blood transfusion .

Objective To study the effect of night large dose of sodium valproate on epileptiform discharges,and cognitive function of benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Methods Ninety cases of benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes were randomly divided into treatment group and control group (n= 45), both groups received regular total doses of sodium valproate therapy 25-30 mg?kg-1 ?d-1 . Patients in the treatment group received treatment that night doses of sodium valproate was double of morning doses. Every night dose was (17.96±1.21) mg?kg-1 , and every morning dose was (8.92±0.62) mg?kg-1 . The control group received the same dose [(13.37±0.80) mg?kg-1 ] of sodium alproate therapy twice a day, morning and evening. The epileptiform discharges, cognitive function, therapy effect were compared between two groups. Results Total effective rate of treatment group was 82.22% which were was significantly higher than that of the control group 62.22%(P<0.05);Epileptiform discharges reduction of treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), the effective rate of EEG improvement (84.44%)in treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group 66.67% (P<0.05); FIQ, VIQ, PIQ in treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05); There were no statistical differences of adverse reactions between two groups. Conclusion Night large dose of sodium valproate treatment can help control epileptic discharge, increase the plasma concentration, improve cognitive function, and therapy effect.

Objective To study the effect of lidocaine combined with local anesthesia and psychological intervention in induced abortion.Methods200 cases of artificial abortion in our hospital from March 2015 to August 2016 were selected as the research object and randomly divided into control group and experimental group,with 100 cases in each group.The control group was treated with lidocaine for local anesthesia,direct abortion,and the experimental group was given lidocaine local anesthesia and psychological intervention.The pain and satisfaction index of the two groups were compared.ResultsAfter the treatment, the satisfaction rate of cervical dilatation in the experimental group was 93 cases was 93% higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The number of patients with grade Ⅱ pain in the experimental group was 12, and the number of patients with grade I pain was 87.In the control group, the number of patients with grade Ⅱ pain was 25, and the number of patients with grade Ⅱ pain was 57.But the control group was significantly lower than the experimental group, with statistical difference (P<0.05).In the control group, patients with grade Ⅱ pain were significantly higher than those in the experimental group, the number of patients with grade I pain was significantly less than that in the experimental group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the operation time and blood loss between the control experimental and the control group.ConclusionThe application of lidocaine local anesthesia combined with psychological intervention can effectively relieve the pain of patients and improve the therapeutic effect.It has the value of clinical popularization and Application.

Objective To study and analyze the clinical efficacy of massage combined with Astragalus and eucommia Decoction in the treatment of periarthritis of shoulder.Methods100 patients with periarthritis of shoulder treated in our hospital from July 2015 to July 2016 were selected.They were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group, with 50 patients in each group.Patients in the control group were treated with massage, and the experimental group was treated with massage combined with astragalus root and Eucommia ulmoides decoction.The 2 groups were treated with 2 or two courses, the 1 course of treatment for 15 days.The treatment effect and relative shoulder index score of the experimental group and the control group were compared and analyzed.ResultsAfter the corresponding treatment, the effective number of patients in the experimental group was 48 cases.The effective rate of treatment was 96%.The number of effective cases in the control group was 44, and the effective rate was 88%.The effective rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the controlgroup, with statistical difference (P<0.05).After treatment, the shoulder function, activity and pain in the experimental group and the control group were significantly better than those before the treatment,The scores of shoulder functional performance index and shoulder pain index in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group, with statistical difference (P<0.05).ConclusionMassage combined with Huangqi Eucommia Decoction in the treatment of periarthritis of shoulder can improve the therapeutic effect to a great extent, reduce the pain of patients with shoulder joint, to help with the recovery of shoulder joint function, with further clinical promotion and application significance.

Courseware design of Flow cytometry and its clinical application includes aim,contents,methods,teaching effect,key problem and solving measures,etc.It aims to standardize teaching content and overcome the contradiction between more teaching content and less teaching time.It is also an effective way to save limited teaching expense and contributes to making the course of Flow cytometry more concise,lively and concrete.So it can increase overall teaching quality and level.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of different subgingival root exposure methods, namely, crown lengthening or forced eruption, and different ferrule lengths on fracture resistance of a residual root restored with a carbon fiber post-and-core system.

METHODSFifty-six extracted endodontically-treated mandibular first premolars were sectioned 1.0 mm coronal to the buccal cementoenamel junction. All the models were divided randomly into seven groups that each consist of eight roots. Group A was given non-ferrule as control. Simulated crown lengthening was performed for the dentin ferrule design in the cervical tooth structure for Groups B, C, and D with a ferrule length of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mm, respectively. Simulated forced eruption was performed with a ferrule length of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mm in the cervical tooth structure for Groups E, F, and G, respectively. After restoration with prefabricated carbon fiber post-and-core system, each specimen was embedded in a self-cured acrylic resin block from 2.0 mm apical to the margins of a cast Ni-Cr alloy crown, then loaded at 150 degrees from the long axis in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm min(-1) until fracture. Data of failure loads and fracture mode were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTSMean failure loads for Groups A to G were (1.13 +/- 0.15), (1.27 +/- 0.18), (1.02 +/- 0.11), (1.05 +/- 0.12), (1.63 +/- 0.14), (1.92 +/- 0.19), and (1.93 +/- 0.15) kN, respectively. The effects of root exposure method and ferrule design differed significantly, and two factors exhibited significant interaction (F=33.396, P<0.0001). When the ferrule lengths were the same, fracture loads in the simulated forced eruption groups were significantly higher than those of the simulated crown lengthening groups (P<0.001). No statistical differences in fracture mode were observed among all groups (P=1.00).

CONCLUSIONMore than 1.0 mm ferrule placement on the apical crown margin by using forced eruption significantly increases fracture resistance.

Objective To elucidate the role of insulin receptor and its ?-subunit autophosphorylation in evoking insulin resistance in non-obese type 2 diabetes. Methods 14 patients with non-obese type 2 diabetes and 12 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Insulin receptor numbers and its insulin affinity in erythrocytes were measured using radio-labelled ligand binding assay described by Comi et al. Insulin receptor autophosphorylation in erythrocytes membrane was initiated by adding insulin and ?- 32 P ATP. Then the membrane proteins were resolved on 7 5% SDS-PAGE and subjected to autoradiography. Results The numbers of high and low affinity receptors in erythrocytes of type 2 diabetes were 21?13 and 955?427 per cell respectively, and they showed no significant difference as compared with control. The high affinity constant(K 1) and low affinity constant(K 2) of insulin receptors in erythrocytes of type 2 diabetes were (1 70?0 93)?10 -9 LM -1 and (1 44?0 86)?10 -7 LM -1 respectively, also displaying no significant difference in comparison with the control. Insulin-induced receptor ? subunit autophosphorylation was 8 02?5 6△A/mg protein in type 2 diabetes, which was lower than that (28 38?15 24)△A/mg protein) in control(P