The blood-brain barrier (BBB) exerts its central nervous system (CNS) protective function as it hinders the delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to the brain. With the development of nanotechnology during the last thirty years, the nanocarriers for delivering drugs make it possible to transport drugs across the BBB. The brain-targeted drug delivery system usually consists of two parts: nanocarriers and brain-targeted strategies. In this review, several kinds of nanocarriers are introduced for brain-targeted drug delivery. We focus on several possible strategies for brain-targeting and comment on their advantages and disadvantages in application.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of metholrexate combined with rmifepristone and laparoscopic surgery for treating ectopic pregnancy.Methods 85 patient with ectopic pregnancy were selected.41 cases treated with methotrexate and mifeprisione were considered as the control group,while 44 cases with laparoscopic surgery were considered as the observalion group on the voluntary basis.The clinical efficacy,serum β-HCG value and recovery time after 7d were compared between the two groups.Results After the treatment,the cure rate in the observation group was 100％ which was significantly higher than 90％ of the control group ( P ＜ 0.05 ),the serum β-HCG value of the observation group was lower and the restoration normal time was shorter than the control group ( P ＜0.05).Conclusions Laparoscopic surgery and conservative treatment of methotrexate combined with mifepristone are effective in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy.However,the clinical efficacy of the laparoscopic surgery is better and it has rapid recovery time,and it can completely cure the patients.

AIM：To introduce evidence-based pharmacy in respect to the definition,contents and principle in applying to decisions of clinical pharmacotherapy.METHODS：We focused the discussion on a brief summary of different study designs,factors affecting the strength of scientific evidence,and interpretation of the data.RESULTS：These application principles are helpful to guide clinical pharmacists solving clinical problems.CONCLUSION：Clinical pharmacist should use concepts in the evidence-based practice when making pharmacotherapeutic decisions in the future.

Objective To assess the pulmonary function before liver transplantation in patients with end-stage liver disease. Methods One hundred and fifty-four patients with end-stage liver disease, who were waiting for liver transplantation in our hospital, were enrolled into the study. The pulmonary ventilation function,small airway function and diffusion capacity were measured and analyzed respectively. Results Among 154 subjects,140 (90. 9%, 140/154) patients had abnormal pulmonary function, shown as pulmonary diffusing capacity reduction;followed by restrictive ventilatory function reduction (42. 8% ,66/154) and small airway function reduction (37. 7%, 58/154 ), the least common manifestation was obstructive ventilatory function reduction (28.6 % ,44/154 ). Conclusion Abnormal pulmonary function in patients with end-stage liver disease is common, and the pulmonary function tests before liver transplantation has certain referential value for pulmonary function damage evaluation and postoperatively respiratory tract management.

Objective To investigate the best method of transfecting total RNA extracted from pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa-2 cells into dendrtic cells (DCs). Methods DCs were cultured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by rhGM-CSF, rhIL-4 and TNF-α. Morphology of DCs was observed. Flow cytometry was used to detect the mature DCs specific surface markers:CD40, HLA-DR, CD83, CD86. Mixed lymphocyte (MLR) was used to determine the ability of DCs to stimulate allogeneic T cell proliferation.Liposomal transfection, electroporation method and passive transfection was used to transfect MiaPaCa-2 cell total RNA into DCs, Real time RT-PCR and MTT assay was used to determine the expression of MUC1 mRNA and the survival rate of the RNA transfected DCs. Results The cells acquired showed typical DCs morphology, the positive rate of CD40, HLA DR, CD83 and CD86 were 34.3% ,50.2% ,89.2% and 73.6%,and they showed a strong ability to stimulate allogeneic T cell proliferation. 48 h after transfection with MiaPaCa-2 cells total RNA by using electroporation, the MUC1 mRNA amount (45.39 ± 9.33) in DCs was higher than that of liposomes method (3 1. 68 ± 7.25) and passive transfection method (18.53 ± 3.26) . DCs survival rate was (80.36 ± 2.43)% by using electroporation, which was relatively lower than (91.48 ±5.42) % by using passive transfection method, but higher than (67.44 ± 2.51) % by using liposomes method,and it was stabilized around 80%. Conclusions Transfecting total RNA extracted from pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa-2 cells into DCs with electroporation is efficient and safe.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of probucol combined with atorvastatin in treatment of stenosis carotid atherosclerosis.MethodsEighty-six patients with stenosis carotid atherosclerosis were separated into two groups with 43 cases each by random digits table.The patients were treated with probucol combined with atorvastatin in observation group and atorvastatin only in control group.The changes of arteriosclerotic plaque and blood fat pre- and poet-treatment were observed.Results There was no significant difference in the levels of lumen area (LN) and intima-media thickness (IMT) pre-treatment between two groups (P＞ 0.05).Compared with pre-treatment,the levels of LN and IMT post-treatment were significantly decreased in observation group(P ＜ 0.05 ),while no significant difference in control group (P ＞0.05).There was significant difference in the levels of LN and IMT post-treatment between two groups [(0.59 ±0.19) cm2 vs.(0.72 ±0.28) cm2,(2.76 ±0.41 ) mm vs.(3.27 ±0.57) mm](P＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the levels of total cholesterol (TC),triacylglycerol (TG),low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) pre-treatment between two groups (P ＞0.05).Compared with pre-treatment,the levels of TC,TG,LDL-C post-treatment were decreased,HDL-C was increased,there were significant differences (P ＜ 0.05 ).Post-treatment,the levels of TC,TG,LDL-C in observation group were lower and HDL-C was higher than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Probucol combined with atorvastatin in treatment of stenosis carotid atherosclerosis can improve arteriosclerotic plaque and low blood fat,which can be applied in clinic.

Objective To investigate the induction of specific anti-tumor immune response by transfected dendritic cells (DCs) with survivin mRNA of human pancreatic cancer, and to provide the experimental evidences for the treatment of human pancreatic cancer with DCs vaccine. Methods DCs were isolated and cultured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). After being transcripted and amplified, survivin mRNA was transfected into DCs by electroporation. The expression of survivin in DCs at different time points was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The survival rate of DCs before and after transfection was determined by MTT method. The induction of specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response by survivin mRNA transfected DCs was measured by 51Cr standard cytotoxicity test. The induction of specific CTL activation by survivin mRNA transfected DCs was evaluated through testing released IFN-γ by ELISA method. Results After survivin mRNA transfection for 48h, the expression of survivin mRNA in DCs reached the highest point (46.09±6.57). After transfection, the survival rate of DCs was stabilized around 80%. The DCs transfected with survivin mRNA could effectively induce HLA-A2+ / survivin+ specific CTL immune responses. Stimulated with pancreatic cancer cell line Capan-2 cells or SCL-1 cells as control group, the IFN-γ released in 24 hours by survivin specific CTL were (28.79±5.70) U/ml and (25.12±2.13) U/ml respectively, there was no significant difference (P=0.761). Conclusion The induction of CTLs by DCs transfected with human pancreatic cancer survivin mRNA could produce specific anti-tumor immunity.

With the wide application of clinical guidelines and standardization of Chinese medicine (CM), guidelines of CM and/or integrative medicine (IM) were also emerging. By the guideline evaluation instruments such as the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument and Conference on Guideline Standardization (COGS), a preliminary assessment of 11 clinical guidelines for CM and/or IM published before October 2008 was performed. Methodological description of evidence collection or synthesization was absent in most clinical guidelines, and evidence-grading criteria were listed in only one of the eleven guidelines. Inadequate standardization of guideline development, single professional background of guideline developers, and lack of high-grade evidence were the current problems. It was suggested that guideline development group should include individuals from multiple relevant professional fields. Stress should be laid on evidence collection and recommendation grading. Guideline developers should follow the rigorous development methodology of evidence-based guidelines, and the methods for evaluating evidence and grading recommendations should be set up according to the characteristics of medical literature of CM. In addition, more attention should be paid to appraise the quality of clinical practice guidelines of CM and IM.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a type of specific cardiomyopathy which be relevant to metabolic derangement of diabetes mellitus. The exact mechanism is still questionable and has been the focus of much interest and debate in the cardiovascular domain . In this review, we aim to summarize the update advances of its pathogeneses and physiopathologic mechanisms at the histological, molecular and cytologic levels.

Objective:To investigate the eruption of cystic lesion associated impacted permanent teeth(CAIPT)of the jaws after fe-nestrating decompression in adolescents and to analyze the related factors that affect the eruption of CAIPT.Methods:32 cases of CAIPT were examined restrospectively by panoramic radiographs.The subjects were divided into erupted group(n =22),and nonerupt-ed group(n =10).Patient age,angulation of the CAIPT,the cusp depth,eruption space and the level of dental root formation meas-ured on intial panoramic radiograph,were subjected to statistical analysis.Results:The eruption of the impacted mandibular molar was significantly related to the cusp depth,level of dental root formation and the patient's age(P <0.05).The eruption of the impacted man-dibular premolar was significantly related to the cusp depth,level of dental root formation,the angulation of the tooth and the patient's age (P <0.05),but not to dental space for the eruption(P >0.05).Conclusion:The patient's age,angulation of impacted permanent teeth,cusp depth,eruption space,level of dental root formation should be considered in the management of CAIPT.