INTRODUCTIONRadiologists may encounter bilaterally symmetrical abnormalities of the basal ganglia on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), typically in the context of diffuse systemic, toxic or metabolic diseases. A systematic approach and broad knowledge of pathology causing this uncommon group of conditions would be useful.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThis review uses illustrative images to highlight metabolic conditions, such as Leigh's syndrome, citrullinaemia, hypoglycaemia or carbon monoxide poisoning, as well as other causes of bilateral basal ganglia lesions such as osmotic myelinolysis, deep cerebral venous thrombosis and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

RESULTSCareful assessment of radiological findings outside the basal ganglia, such as involvement of the cortex, white matter, thalamus and pons, together with clinical correlation, may be helpful in narrowing the differential diagnosis, and directing further radiological, biochemical or genetic investigations. Recent advances in MR technology have resulted in newer techniques including diffusion-weighted (DW) MR imaging and MR spectroscopy (MRS); these may be helpful if appropriately used.

CONCLUSIONSAbnormal MRI findings in the basal ganglia should not be interpreted in isolation. A systematic approach including DW MR imaging, MRS, and a broad knowledge of diffuse systemic, toxic or metabolic diseases is helpful.

Basal Ganglia Diseases ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Brain Diseases, Metabolic ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Radiography

INTRODUCTIONWe reviewed the clinical features, brain and spinal cord magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings and associated abnormalities in six patients with spinal cavernous malformations (CMs).

METHODSLesions were defined on gradient-recalled echo (GRE) images but measured on T2-weighted images performed on 1.5- and 3-tesla clinical scanners.

RESULTSFour patients had associated multiple cranial CMs and one patient had multiple spinal CMs. All spinal CMs were predominantly hypointense on GRE images, and most were predominantly hyperintense and surrounded by hypointense edge on T2-weighted images. Other associations included asymptomatic vertebral body and splenic haemangiomas.

CONCLUSIONWe conclude that intramedullary spinal CMs typically have 'mulberry' or 'popcorn' appearances similar to those of cranial CM. The presence of associated haemangioma or familial cranial CM syndrome on MR imaging may suggest the correct diagnosis without requiring invasive investigations.

Adult ; Aged ; Brain Neoplasms ; pathology ; Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations ; pathology ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System ; pathology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Cord Diseases ; pathology ; Spinal Cord Neoplasms ; pathology

Radiology education is heavily dependent on visual images, and case-based teaching files comprising medical images can be an important tool for teaching diagnostic radiology. Currently, hardcopy film is being rapidly replaced by digital radiological images in teaching hospitals, and an electronic teaching file (ETF) library would be desirable. Furthermore, a repository of ETFs deployed on the World Wide Web has the potential for e-learning applications to benefit a larger community of learners. In this paper, we describe a Singapore National Medical Image Resource Centre (SN.MIRC) that can serve as a World Wide Web resource for teaching diagnostic radiology. On SN.MIRC, ETFs can be created using a variety of mechanisms including file upload and online form-filling, and users can search for cases using the Medical Image Resource Center (MIRC) query schema developed by the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). The system can be improved with future enhancements, including multimedia interactive teaching files and distance learning for continuing professional development. However, significant challenges exist when exploring the potential of using the World Wide Web for radiology education.
Computer-Assisted Instruction ; Education, Distance ; Education, Medical, Continuing ; Humans ; Internet ; Radiology ; education ; Radiology Information Systems ; Singapore ; User-Computer Interface

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) with predominant cerebellar ataxia (PSP-C) is a rare phenotype of PSP. The clinical and radiological features of this disorder remain poorly characterized. Through a retrospective case series, we aim to characterize the clinical and radiological features of PSP-C. Four patients with PSP-C were identified: patients who presented with prominent cerebellar dysfunction that disappeared with the progression of the disease. Supranuclear gaze palsy occurred at a mean of 2.0 ± 2.3 years after the onset of ataxia. Mild cerebellar volume loss and midbrain atrophy were detected on brain imaging, which are supportive of a diagnosis of PSP. Videos are presented illustrating the co-existence of cerebellar signs and supranuclear gaze palsy and the disappearance of cerebellar signs with disease progression. Better recognition and the development of validated diagnostic criteria would aid in the antemortem recognition of this rare condition.
Ataxia ; Atrophy ; Cerebellar Ataxia* ; Cerebellar Diseases ; Diagnosis ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Mesencephalon ; Neuroimaging ; Paralysis* ; Phenotype ; Retrospective Studies ; Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive

INTRODUCTIONSystemic and local intra-arterial thrombolysis in patients with large vessel ischaemic stroke is hampered by poor re-canalisation rates and risk of haemorrhage. The Merci Retrieval System is an endovascular device for removal of acute intracranial thrombus. We present our initial experience using this device in conjunction with existing thrombolytic therapy already in place in our institute.

MATERIALS AND METHODSProspective data in all patients presenting with large vessel ischaemic stroke treated using the Merci Retrieval System from July 2007 to March 2009 were analysed. Selection criteria for patients were similar to the multi- Merci trial of 2008. We compared re-canalisation rate, National Institutes of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS) and modified Rankin score (mRS) outcomes to the published trial results.

RESULTSSeventeen patients were reviewed; none suffered immediate post-procedural complications. Fifteen underwent successful thrombus retrieval but in 2 cases the device failed due to technical considerations. Sites of vascular occlusion included: ICA/ICA-'T' junctions 27%, middle cerebral artery 13% and vertebrobasilar artery 60%. Of the 15 patients treated by MERCI with or without adjuvant thrombolytic therapy, complete re-canalisation was achieved in 60%, partial re-canalisation in 20%, partial re-canalisation with persistent distal vessel occlusion in 6% and failure of re-canalisation in 14%. Asymptomatic haemorrhage occurred in 33% and there was 1 death (6%) from symptomatic haemorrhage. Pre-treatment median NIHSS was 17.88 and 9.5 immediately post-treatment. Median mRS at 30 days was 2.6 for patients who achieved complete re-canalisation and 4.5 in failure or partial re-canalisation with or without persistent distal vessel occlusion.

CONCLUSIONRe-canalisation rates using the Merci Retrieval System was comparable to the multi-Merci trial. Haemorrhagic complications and safety were also found to be satisfactory. Importantly, treatment success with eventual good clinical outcome hinges strongly on the ability of the device to achieve complete re-canalisation.

Acute Disease ; Aged ; Cerebral Arteries ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Cerebral Revascularization ; Female ; Humans ; Intracranial Thrombosis ; radiotherapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Prospective Studies ; Radiography ; Singapore ; Stroke ; pathology ; radiotherapy ; Thrombectomy ; instrumentation

INTRODUCTIONDeep venous thrombosis (DVT) is thought to be less common in Asians than in the Caucasian population. The incidence of asymptomatic DVT in high-risk groups in the Asian population has not been well studied. While DVT incidence among Caucasian stroke patients has been extensively studied and the need for prophylaxis established, the lack of data in Asian patients leaves physicians with no firm basis for adopting prophylactic protocols in the local population. Our aim was to prospectively establish the incidence of early DVT in immobilised stroke patients in a heterogenous Asian population.

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe screened 44 patients with significant hemiplegia from acute stroke. Doppler ultrasound, the currently accepted method of investigation for DVT, was used to study patients on admission and at 1 week post-stroke. While there was no standard prophylactic regime in use, none of the patients received heparin and only 2 were given compression stockings.

RESULTSThe incidence of DVT at 1 week was 2.4%. Review at 1 month detected another patient with DVT, bringing the overall incidence at 1 month to 4.8%. This is lower than in Caucasian populations, but is similar to another local study on a different group of high-risk patients.

CONCLUSIONThe low incidence of early DVT in hospitalised stroke patients of Asian ethnicity does not justify routine screening for this population. Further research to validate this should ideally include a comparison test for DVT as ultrasound may have inherently lower sensitivity in an asymptomatic population.

Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Hemiplegia ; complications ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Stroke ; complications ; Ultrasonics ; Ultrasonography ; Venous Thrombosis ; diagnostic imaging ; epidemiology

INTRODUCTIONMotor neuron damage and cortical spinal tract (CST) degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are difficult to visualise and quantify on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

CLINICAL PICTUREWe studied 8 ALS patients and 12 normal volunteers using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fibre tractography using fibre assignment by continuous tracking (FACT) to study the fibres of the CST and the posterior thalamic radiation (PTR), a nonmotor tract.

OUTCOMEFibre tractography was successfully performed in all normal volunteers and all patients except 1. The fibre bundles of the CST, but not the PTR, were significantly reduced (P <0.05) in patients compared to normal volunteers.

CONCLUSIONFibre tractography can visualise axonal degeneration in the CST and may provide supplementary information about upper motor neuron disease in ALS patients.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ; pathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Echo-Planar Imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Degeneration ; pathology ; Pyramidal Tracts ; pathology

INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this study was to review the clinical, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis and the frequency of positive neuroimaging findings in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) involving the superior sagittal sinus.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA clinical and radiological database of patients with final diagnosis of CVT was compiled from the inpatient hospital information service of a tertiary neurological hospital over 5 years. CT and MRI studies in 22 patients were retrospectively examined for direct signs of venous sinus thrombosis and for complications of CVT. The diagnosis of CVT before and after CT and MRI was reviewed.

RESULTSClinical diagnosis of possible CVT was suspected in only 1 patient. When the diagnosis was not suspected, CT diagnosis was difficult and there was a high false negative rate of 52.6%. MRI fared better, but the false negative rate was still 11%. Directs signs of venous sinus thrombosis such as the triangle sign, empty delta sign on CT and loss of the normal flow voids on MRI, could be retrospectively detected in 57.9%, 100% and 100% of patients respectively. Although 4 patients presented with subarachnoid haemorrhage, these direct signs were present in 3 patients.

CONCLUSIONClinical diagnosis of CVT is rarely suspected before CT and MRI, and although subtle positive signs are often present, these may not be appreciated unless there is a high index of suspicion or image review at multidisciplinary team meetings.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; False Negative Reactions ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

INTRODUCTIONThere is increasing belief that a formal protocol-based multidisciplinary care model should be adopted as an optimal care model in oncology. However, there is minimal outcome evidence to demonstrate an improvement in patient care. The aim of this study was to compare clinical quality outcomes between patients with high-grade glioma managed at one hospital using a formal neuro-oncology multidisciplinary tumour clinic (MTC) and a second hospital with a traditional on-call referral pattern (non-MTC).

MATERIALS AND METHODSPatients with high-grade glioma managed radically with radiation therapy at 2 Singapore hospitals from May 2002 to May 2006 were entered into a prospective database. Patients were grouped into management via MTC or non-MTC. Four clinical quality indicators were chosen retrospectively to assess the variation in practice: a) Use of computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging post-resection (POI) for assessment of residual disease; b) Commencement of radiation therapy (RT) within 28 days of surgery; c) Adjuvant chemotherapy use for glioblastoma multiforme (CTGBM) and d) Median survival.

RESULTSSixty-seven patients were managed radically, with 47 by MTC and by 20 by non-MTC. MTC patients were more likely to have POI (P = 0.042), and CTGBM (P = 0.025). Although the RT start time was similar for the whole cohort (60% versus 45%: P = 0.296); for GBM patients, the RT start was earlier (63% vs 33% P = 0.024). The median survival for the MTC group was 18.7 months versus 11.9 months for the non-MTC group (P = 0.11).

CONCLUSIONClinical quality outcomes were significantly improved in patients with high-grade glioma managed in this neuro-oncology MTC.

Cancer Care Facilities ; Female ; Glioma ; classification ; drug therapy ; pathology ; radiotherapy ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Quality Indicators, Health Care ; Quality of Health Care ; Survival Analysis

INTRODUCTIONThe use of adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ) in patients managed with surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been demonstrated to improve median and 2-year survival in a recent large international multicentre study. To confirm this result in routine clinical practice, an audit of the management and outcome of patients with GBM at The Cancer Institute Radiation Oncology was performed.

MATERIALS AND METHODSAll patients with GBM managed radically at The Cancer Institute Radiation Oncology from May 2002 to 2006 were entered into a prospective database. Patient, tumour and treatment factors were analysed for association with the outcome of median survival (MS). Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier technique and correlation was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTSForty-one patients with GBM were managed with radical intent over the 4- year period. The median age was 54 years and 66% were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 0-1 performance status. Macroscopic, subtotal and biopsy alone procedures were performed in 61%, 29% and 10% of patients, respectively. The median time from surgery to RT was 26 days. Adjuvant TMZ was used in 44% of patients (n = 18). The MS of the total group was 13.6 months, with a 24% 2-year overall survival. The use of TMZ was associated with improved MS (19.6 versus 12.8 months; P = 0.035) and improved 2-year survival (43% versus 0%). A requirement of dexamethasone dose greater than 4 mg at the end of RT (P = 0.012) was associated with worse survival, but there was no association of MS with age, ECOG, tumour size or extent of surgery.

CONCLUSIONThe median and 2-year survival outcomes are comparable to the results of the European Multicentre Study and justify the continued use of TMZ in routine clinical practice.

Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Brain Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; radiotherapy ; surgery ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Dacarbazine ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Glioblastoma ; drug therapy ; radiotherapy ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Singapore ; Survival Analysis