Recent reports suggest that the responses of the detrusor muscle to the hypogastric nerve stimulation and some autonomic drugs may not be identical among various species. In this study, the responses of the isolated detrusor muscle strips of the Amyda Japonica and the rabbit to catecholamines were compared, and the type of the adrenergic-receptors was investigated. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) evoked only contraction in the isolated detrusor muscle of the Amyda Japonica and relaxation in the preparation of the rabbit. 2. The contraction-response in the Amyda Japonica was blocked in the presence of regitine, an adrenergic alpha-receptor blocking agent. 3. The relaxation-response in the rabbit was abolished by pre-treatment with propranolol, an adrenergic beta-receptor blocking agent. 4. Acetylcholine elicited contraction in both of the isolated detrusor muscle strips of the Amyda japonica and the rabbit, and the response was completely blocked in the presence of atropine. 5. The results described above suggest that catecholamines exert excitatory effect on the detrusor muscle of the Amyda japonica as it contains adrenergic alpha-receptors and inhibitory effect on the same preparation of the rabbit as it contains the adrenergic beta-receptors. Key Word : amyda japonica,alpha receptor, beta receptor.
Acetylcholine ; Atropine ; Autonomic Agents* ; Catecholamines ; Phentolamine ; Propranolol ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta ; Relaxation

The resistance of neoplastic cells to chemotherapeutic agents may develops by a variety mechanisms. One of these mechanisms seems to be the amplification or overexpression of the multidrug resistance(MDR) gene. The MDR phenotype is conferred by a 170kD membrane protein, P-glycoprotein. This protein acts as a drug efflux pump for a variety of structurally unrelated antineoplastic agents, especially hydrophobic natural products such as adriamycin and vincristine. In the present study, immunohistochemical stain for P-glycoprotein was performed in paraffin section of 41 specimens of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder obtained prior to chemotherapy to investigate the usefulness of P-glycoprotein as a predictor of response to M-VAC ( methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin and cisplatin) chemotherapy. The overall clinical response rate to chemotherapy was 65.9%. The overall 3- year survival rate was 63%, with 80% in responder group( clinical complete and partial remission) and 36.3% non-responder group(minor response, stabilization and progression ) (P<0.05). In the responder group, 7.4% expressed strongly positive P-glycoprotein, 63% weakly positive and 29.6% negative. In the non-responder group, 28.6% expressed strongly positive P-glycoprotein, 64.3% weakly positive and 7.1% negative. The negative expression rate was high in responder group than non-responder, but this difference was not statistically significant. There was no correlation of expression of P-glycoprotein with either tumor stages or grades. In conclusion, these results suggest that tumors with negative expression of P-glycoprotein seem to have a better clinical response to chemotherapy, and further investigation of other mechanisms of cellular drug resistance should be required.
Antineoplastic Agents ; Biological Products ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell* ; Doxorubicin ; Drug Resistance ; Drug Therapy* ; Membrane Proteins ; Methotrexate ; P-Glycoprotein* ; Paraffin ; Phenotype ; Survival Rate ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Vinblastine ; Vincristine

Renal cell carcinoma in children is extremely rare as compared with Wilms` tumor. A case of renal cell carcinoma in an 8-year-old boy is presented with a brief review of literature.
Carcinoma, Renal Cell* ; Child ; Humans ; Male

No abstract available.
Adenoma, Pleomorphic ; Mouth Mucosa

This article provides an update on tinnitus for audiologists and other clinicians who provide tinnitus-specific services. Tinnitus can be attributable to hearing loss, somatosensory system dysfunction, or auditory cortex dysfunction, with hearing loss being the most common cause and serious underlying pathologies being rare. Hearing loss does not always lead to tinnitus, and patients with tinnitus do not always suffer from hearing loss. The first scenario is explained by a so-called inhibitory gating mechanism, whereas the second assumes that all tinnitus sufferers have some degree of hearing impairment, which might not be detected in standard audiological examinations. The treatments should aim at symptomatic relief and management of associated distress. Current treatment options include pharmacotherapy, education, counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, and sound therapy.

Maximum conservation of renal parenchyma and normal renal function is mandatory in the treatment of renal trauma. Persistent hemorrhage in cases of blunt renal trauma, demonstrated by angiography, can be treated by arterial embolization, conservatively. A case of renal hemorrhage following renal trauma in a 27-year-old man, treated by selective renal arterial embolization, was presented with a brief review of literature.
Adult ; Angiography ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans

Retroperitoneal liposarcoma is reported to comprise 12 to 43 per cent of all liposarcomas that are about one-fourth of all the soft part sarcomas. Because of its early silent rapid growth and wide spread, there have been difficulties in early diagnosis and wide en-bloc excision in the retroperitoneum. Herein a case of huge retroperitoneal liposarcoma in a 41-year-old male is presented with a brief review of the literatures.
Adult ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Liposarcoma* ; Male ; Sarcoma

Cavernous hemangioma is a congenital, benign vascular tumor occurring in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Scrotal involvement is rare. A case of cavernous hemangioma of scrotum in a 2-year-old child is reported here with review of the literature.
Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Dermis ; Hemangioma ; Hemangioma, Cavernous* ; Humans ; Scrotum* ; Subcutaneous Tissue

Primary Aldosteronism is characterized by hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis and increased aldosterone secretion. It is important to distinguish between adenoma and hyperplasia for the treatment of primary aldosteronism because the hypertension associated with the adenomatous form is more likely to respond to operative removal. We report a case of aldosterone producing adrenal adenoma which was diagnosed by postural stimulation test of aldosterone and abdominal computed tomography, and was treated by adrenalectomy. A week after surgery, the blood pressure and laboratory data returned to normal.
Adenoma ; Adrenalectomy ; Aldosterone ; Alkalosis ; Blood Pressure ; Hyperaldosteronism ; Hyperplasia ; Hypertension

Pheochromcytomas are comparatively rare and arise wherever chromaffin cells are located Approximately 10-15% have been found outside the adrenal gland. A case of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma which occurred in a 38-year-old woman is presented with review of the literature.
Adrenal Glands ; Adult ; Chromaffin Cells ; Female ; Humans ; Pheochromocytoma*